China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Leaching with Acids
Published in C. K. Gupta, T. K. Mukherjee, Hydrometallurgy in Extraction Processes, 2019
Monazite sand, which is also known as black sand because of its black color, is usually found at the mouths of great rivers and is a complex mixture of minerals including ilmenite, magnetite, quartz, zircon, and monazite. The mineral monazite is a rare earth phosphate that contains appreciable amounts of thorium and small amounts of uranium, and although it may be present in the sand at a concentration of only 1 or 2%, it can be enriched easily to 80 to 85%. As a concentrate, monazite contains 24 to 29% P2O5, 55 to 60% rare earth metal oxides, 5 to 10% thorium oxide (ThO2), and 0.2 to 0.4% uranium oxide (U3O8). Monazite is the chief thorium ore and is chemically very inert.
Risk assessment of radioactive hazards associated with black sand upgrading processes
Published in Applied Earth Science, 2023
Tamer G. Mohamed, Mostafa Hassan, Mohamed A. Ismail, Ayman A. El-Midany, Moamen G. El-Samrah
Representative samples for Magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, and zircon were obtained from the Black Sand Company, Egypt. These minerals are products of the concentration of the black sand deposits that are located on the northern coast, especially near El-Burullus and Rasheed areas. Figure 1 shows a schematic flowsheet for the black sand beneficiation steps. The material balance of this flowsheet shows that the mineral percentages are 40, 15, 15, and 10% for ilmenite, magnetite, zircon, and rutile, respectively. It is clear that these four minerals represent more than 75% of the total black sand composition.
Stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Cretaceous Blue Spur Conglomerate, Otago, New Zealand
Published in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2023
Haematitic chert clasts (‘jasper’) occur scattered throughout the conglomerate, especially in beds that are enriched in quartz pebbles. Rare cobbles of silica-cemented QPC occur within the type section as well (Els et al. 2003). The sand-sized heavy silicate mineral suite is dominated by epidote, titanite and pumpellyite. Abundant metal oxides, that constitute a black sand component of the matrix, are mainly ilmenite, magnetite and haematite. In addition, pyrite and iron oxyhydroxide pseudomorphs after pyrite are common throughout the conglomerate. Other common heavy minerals include zircon, apatite and rare garnet.
Investigation and mechanism analysis of disasters under Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake
Published in Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 2021
Hanxu Zhou, Ailan Che, Lanmin Wang, Lin Wang
According to previous geological data (Nakagawa et al. 2018) and results of the field investigation, the soil layers in Sakurazaka village could be identified. It can be seen from the vertical scarp of the landslide in Figure 15 that the soil had an obvious stratified structure. Moreover, the main composition of the surface soil was pumice deposit from the Tarumae volcano, mixed with black sand and loam. The sliding bed corresponded to the Tarumae-d loam, and this explains the fact that the sliding body slid down along the loam layer. The loam layer is the weak surface of unstable slope.