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Characteristics of pollutants
Published in E. B. Welch, J. M. Jacoby, T. Lindell, Pollutant Effects in Freshwater, 2004
E. B. Welch, J. M. Jacoby, T. Lindell
Biotic homogenization refers to the process by which regional differences among floras and faunas are reduced by the establishment of exotic species and loss of native species. Biological invasions, and subsequent homogenization of earth's biota, are accelerating primarily due to an increasingly mobile human society and increased international trade, and are an underappreciated aspect of global environmental change (Vitousek et al., 1996).
The ecological role of permanent ponds in Europe: a review of dietary linkages to terrestrial ecosystems via emerging insects
Published in Inland Waters, 2023
Lena Fehlinger, Benjamin Misteli, Daniel Morant, Noël Juvigny-Khenafou, David Cunillera-Montcusí, Fernando Chaguaceda, Olivera Stamenković, Julie Fahy, Vojtěch Kolář, Dariusz Halabowski, Liam N. Nash, Ellinor Jakobsson, Veronica Nava, Pietro Tirozzi, Pablo Urrutia Cordero, Julien Mocq, Alba Camacho Santamans, Jose Manuel Zamora-Marín, Pierre Marle, Teofana Chonova, Luca Bonacina, Margaux Mathieu-Resuge, Ena Suarez, Stephen E. Osakpolor, Pablo Timoner, Vesela Evtimova, Darmina Nita, Bruno M. Carreira, Kálmán Tapolczai, Joana Martelo, Rémi Gerber, Valentin Dinu, Jorge Henriques, Géza B. Selmeczy, Biljana Rimcheska
How stressors influence ponds in the pondscape largely depends on their mode of action and the extent of their impact (Fig. 3). While some are local (e.g., land consolidation and urbanization), others extend over large spatial scales (e.g., climate change associated stressors), influencing multiple ponds and interfering with the flux of aquatic and semiaquatic organisms (Hanashiro et al. 2019, Chase et al. 2020, Voelker and Swan 2021). Recent advancements in metacommunity theory provided answers to some of the interplay between local and global stressors influencing ecosystem patches such as ponds, linking abiotic filtering on communities with dispersal capabilities and limitations (Hanashiro et al. 2019, Chase et al. 2020, Voelker and Swan 2021). In summary, the effects of stressors across the pondscape depend on the ability of organisms to either tolerate (abiotic filtering) or evade (dispersal processes) stressors. Therefore, stressors expanding past the tolerance and dispersal range of an organism are likely to induce severe effects and may even lead to local extinctions and drastic diversity reductions (Relyea 2005, Beketov et al. 2013). This possibility is particularly problematic because once key taxa have been removed from the regional species pool following filtering, the local and regional recovery of the biodiversity, even after stressor mitigation, may not be possible because key dispersers are absent (Voelker and Swan 2021). As discussed earlier, connectivity between ponds is a critical determinant of biodiversity in ponds. Provided that connectivity is maintained, multiple local stressors resulting from anthropogenic activity and landscape management practices may even increase β-diversity to some extent by creating a gradient of environmental conditions that promote the coexistence of different taxa (De Meester et al. 2005, Chase et al. 2020). This phenomenon has been coined “biotic differentiation” (Chase et al. 2020). By contrast, wide-ranging stressors, such as spread-out local management practices or climate-related stressors, or stressors benefiting tolerant and generalist species over specialists, may lead to biotic homogenization and a decrease in β-diversity (Socolar et al. 2016, Chase et al. 2020, Voelker and Swan 2021).