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Best Management Practices as an Alternative Approach for Urban Flood Control
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Stormwater best management practices, also called stormwater control measures, are operational procedures or physical structures placed at or near the earth's surface to prevent and mitigate stormwater runoff. They include the familiar suburban stormwater swales and detention ponds as well as the less-known but increasingly used permeable pavements and urban green roofs. Best management practices (BMPs) are applied in construction, forestry, and agricultural practices, but are perhaps most useful in urban areas where large amounts of surface water runoff are generated by impervious surfaces, often resulting in flooding and degraded water quality. BMPs serve as the operational foundation of a variety of stormwater management approaches. In some regions, such as the United States, they are regularly used in meeting legal mandates for controlling nonpoint source water pollution. While the use of the term “best” in “best management practices” does not imply a technique has met any specific performance criteria, BMPs are generally recognized as effective and cost-efficient measures. BMP performance data is currently compiled by the International Stormwater BMP Database (Clary et al., 2002), and the resulting information may be used to improve design guidance and field performance. Fletcher et al. (2015) note that there are few BMPs that have design standards accepted for use nationally by the US federal government, and that may be a result of locally varying differences in soil and hydrologic characteristics which prevent universally applicable guidance.
Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization of Pastures and Turfgrasses on Water Quality
Published in R. Lal, B. A. Stewart, Soil Processes and Water Quality, 2020
Rosa M.C. Muchovej, Jack E. Rechcigl
Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been recognized by the United States Congress as the standard for controlling non-point pollution sources (NPS) (CAST, 1992). Often NO3 increases in groundwater are a direct result of the use of low efficiency N fertilizer application and the main goal in a BMP approach is the utilization of fertilizer N in a most effective manner. The quantity of NO3 derived from fertilizer that leaches below the root zone is subject to some degree of control by fertilizer management practices (Boswell et al., 1985). Various management practices may be adopted to improve N use efficiency, minimizing NO3 leaching into the groundwater, both in humid and drier regions (Russelle and Hargrove, 1989; Newbould, 1989; Smith and Cassel, 1991). These include selection of optimum: 1) fertilization (rate, type, form and time of application); 2) irrigation and drainage; 3) surface cover/residues; 4) plant species; and 5) waste disposal.
The Clean Water Act: Nonpoint Source Control
Published in William Goldfarb, Water Law, 2020
For the most part, technology-based effluent limitations are less effective in controlling nonpoint sources than the nontechnological (or “low-tech”) approaches of land use controls and land management practices. These approaches—referred to as “Best Management Practices” (BMPs)—include methods, measures, or practices to prevent or reduce water pollution, consisting of structural and nonstructural controls and operation and maintenance procedures. Usually, BMPs are applied as a system of practices rather than a single practice. BMPs are selected on the basis of site-specific conditions that reflect natural background and political, social, economic, and technical feasibility. For example, a set of BMPs to reduce runoff of herbicides and pesticides from a particular farm might include reduced applications of chemicals, contour plowing, and vegetated stream buffers.
Optimization methods applied to stormwater management problems: a review
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2018
Shadab Shishegar, Sophie Duchesne, Geneviève Pelletier
Separate sewer consists of two different pipe networks carrying municipal wastewater and stormwater runoff separately. The stormwater runoff collected from street inlets, roof and area drains can sometimes be directed to a stormwater basin for further control. Stormwater basins, as one of the most used Best Management Practices (BMP), have been developed to ensure the control of rainwater in terms of flow rates and/or runoff volumes, and quality control by sedimentation. Several studies have addressed optimization of stormwater control measures with different criteria, and used various of techniques, for example: the optimal design of location and size of detention basins for controlling the flood in urban areas using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) (Yeh and Labadie 1997), runoff control in stormwater basin design, site by site, using dynamic programming (Behera, Papa, and Adams 1999), pollution load reduction by optimizing the detention time of a stormwater pond (Papa, Adams, and Guo 1999), and design of a detention basin outlet to minimize alteration in the natural flow regime through simulation-optimization methodology (Mobley and Culver 2012). Also, the combination of multiple criteria could be considered like in Shamsudin et al. (2014), where maximization of runoff control performance of a detention pond and minimization of the cost are studied using an analytical probabilistic model and Particle swarm optimization (PSO).