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Published in Les Goring, Residential Surveying Matters and Building Terminology, 2023
Artificial stonework: Good-quality imitation stonework is made in reusable mould boxes, traditionally made from close-grained timber such as Obeche; they are precast under factory conditions to produce artificial-stone components such as window sills, lintels, arches (in voussoir-segments), doorway jamb- and ashlar quoin-blocks, coping stones, etc. The oiled mould-boxes are lined with a stiff, liquid-mix of crushed stone, selected sand and white cement. This mix (of about 25mm thickness) is placed and tamped carefully to all surfaces of the mould box; then a semi-stiff mix of concrete is placed and tamped into the stone-lined mould. Usually (for reasons of tensile-reinforcement and/or transportation-stress), steel reinforcing rods are placed carefully (and strategically) into the concrete during this casting operation.
Modern construction, 1800–2000
Published in Paul Marsden, Digital Quality Management in Construction, 2019
While artificial stone has been around since Georgian times in the UK, a British patented, concrete paving stone won an 1862 CE International Exhibition Prize Medal in London and boasted that it had all the enduring properties of the ‘Old Roman Concretes or Mortars’. Comprising sand, chalk or other mineral substance, it was mixed with a siliceous cementing material, pressed into blocks or moulds and immersed in a solution of chloride of calcium. It was claimed the artificial stone was cheaper than quarrying real stone.9
Recognising the different types of building stone
Published in John A. Hudson†, John W. Cosgrove, Understanding Building Stones and Stone Buildings, 2019
John A. Hudson†, John W. Cosgrove
For reasons of appearance or finance, an artificial stone may be chosen for a particular structure in place of natural stone. The most widely used such substitutes for decorative purposes are terracotta and faience, and for structural/substitutional purposes are brick, concrete and Coade stone.
Characterisation of the tensile performance of bonding agents for the restoration of heritage dimension stone from southeast Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2023
A total of three commonly used masonry bonding agents have been selected to determine their capacity to re-bond dimension stone. The three bonding agents included Tenax®, Akepox®5010 and Megabond® epoxy.Megabond: “is suitable for bonding stone and tile to all masonry surfaces including cement sheet, cement render, plasterboard, timber and is suitable for both interior and exterior applications”. It is noted to have a bond strength of 2.7 MPa on concrete (Vivacity Engineering Pty Ltd., 2015).Tenax: “designed for the nearly seamless bonding of porcelain, sintered stone, glass, engineered stone, marble and quartz, and natural stone products”. It is noted to have a bond strength greater than 20 MPa on quartz and granite (Tenax USA LLC, 2016).Akepox: “is mainly used in the stone-working industry for the weather resistant bonding and gluing of natural stone (marble, granite) as well as artificial stone or building materials (terrazzo, concrete)”. It is noted to have a bond strength of 40 MPa (GmbH A, 2023).
Development of a hybrid artificial intelligence model to predict the uniaxial compressive strength of a new aseismic layer made of rubber-sand concrete
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Xiancheng Mei, Chuanqi Li, Qian Sheng, Zhen Cui, Jian Zhou, Daniel Dias
Concrete has become the most widely used building construction material since it was invented as a human-made artificial stone. To fulfill different engineering requirements, various types of concrete materials, such as fiber concrete for reinforced strength, foam concrete for heat and fire protection, and rubber concrete for higher damping performance, have emerged in the recent years [1–4]. Meanwhile, a large number of existing seismic damage cases indicate that flexible damping technology provides better earthquake resistance compared to the traditional rigid technologies, such as grouting, lengthening of anchor rods, and strengthening of linings [5, 6]. By 2030, the global production of waste tires is estimated to reach 5 billion tons [7, 8]. It has always been a research focus to make waste tires being rationally recycle and reuse waste tires. As a newly emerging material, rubber concrete can not only improve the seismic design of underground structures but also reduce air pollution and environmental protection (Figure 1). Therefore, it is important to design and analyze rubber concrete that is suitable for the earthquake resistance of underground engineering structures.
Evaluating the Seismic Capacity of an Existing Maillart-Arch-Type Bridge: Case Study of Viadotto Olivieri
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2023
Laura Giovanna Guidi, Antonello De Luca
The well-known arch without rigidity, also called a Maillart-arch-type bridge2–8 has been a cornerstone of bridge design, deriving from a process of optimization that involved forms and material. Maillart’s design revolution took place at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the invention of the automobile created an irreversible demand for paved roads and vehicular bridges. Simultaneously, the new “artificial stone” began to compete with steel and was adopted in bridge construction, trying to take advantage of the use of concrete that was capable of resisting compression and was thus appropriate for arch shapes, working mainly in compression. Maillart found a way to merge structural effectiveness and aesthetic value in a tridimensional system, where form governed instead of mass. His arch-without-rigidity was made of slender elements, a stiffer upper deck connected to the lower slender arch by transversal cross walls, whose cooperation also guaranteed carrying the heavy live loads of modern highway bridges.