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Evaluation and Status of Global Environmental Regulations
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Fundamentals of Environmental Law and Compliance, 2023
Some pollution issues in Antarctica include (McConnell et al. 2014 and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 2014):Ozone depletionIncreased atmospheric CO2 concentrationsSolid and hazardous waste generated from research activities and tourismMarine pollution from anthropogenic sources such as spills from ships and cargo vesselsLitterLeadInvasive species such as dandelions
Granular Activated Carbon in Water Treatment
Published in Paweł K. Zarzycki, Pure and Functionalized Carbon Based Nanomaterials, 2020
Jack G. Churchill, Kathryn A. Mumford
The growing presence of human activity in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic over the last sixty years has resulted in significant environmental impact, thereby challenging the perception of the continent as a pristine environment. With the adoption of the Environmental Protection Protocol in Madrid, 1998, the development of remediation practices to minimize human impacts has become an important part of Antarctic science programs (Gomez and Sartaj 2014). The historic use of tip sites for disposal of damaging environmental contaminants, alongside ongoing environmental incidents, has formed a major legacy of permanent settlements in the ice-free areas of Antarctica. One example of this is the spread of hydrocarbons through soil and meltwater as a result of numerous fuel spills (Camenzuli et al. 2015a). At Casey Station, a major Australian research facility, a number of fuel spill incidents have been recorded over many years. A significant spill occurred in 1999 from the main powerhouse (MPH) on the station (Snape et al. 2001b), while more recently, a 2015 spill was discovered in association with the activation of the emergency powerhouse (McWatters et al. 2016). This has led to the development of hydrocarbon remediation technologies for cold regions, forming an important stream within the Antarctic science program in Australia, and aiding the growth of the capability of all nations to protect the Antarctic environment (Snape et al. 2001).
Russian developments of equipment and technology of deep hole drilling in ice
Published in Vladimir Litvinenko, Innovation-Based Development of the Mineral Resources Sector: Challenges and Prospects, 2018
Unique features of conditions in polar regions and in particular the Antarctic such as isolated location, impassable roads, extremely harsh climate bring forward very specific requirements to drilling equipment, technique, organization of operations and personnel training. Special requirements to drilling equipment are low power consumption, weight as low as practicable, high core quality.
Comparative analysis of three numerical methods for estimating the onshore wind power in a coastal area
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018
Mojtaba Nedaei, Abtin Ataei, Muyiwa Samuel Adaramola, Alireza Hajiseyed Mirzahosseini, Morteza Khalaji Assadi, Ehsanolah Assareh
The earliest use of wind energy used for electricity production in the US dates back to the nineteenth century’s windmills. Nowadays, using the wind energy for electricity production is a common trend as it is one of the most economical and environment-friendly renewable energy sources, avoiding CO2 emissions and detrimental effects of greenhouse gases and climate change (Kose, Aksoy, and Ozgoren 2014). Based on the preliminary information provided by the World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), more than 50 GW of capacity was added during the year 2014, providing a total wind power capacity of close to 370 GW. The capacity for recently installed wind turbines was 40% more than in 2013, and substantially more than in the previous year (2012), when 44.6 GW were installed (WWEA 2015a). Moreover, a 2015 report (WWEA 2015b) showed that 105 countries in the world on all continents, including Antarctica, are using wind energy for electricity generation. In general, for the year 2030, WWEA sees a wind capacity close to two million MW as possible. Unfortunately, Iran’s position in each year dropped as follows: 43rd in 2011, 47th in 2012, 51st in 2013 and 54th in 2014 (WWEA 2015b). It is evident that Iran’s use of wind energy is limited despite her abundant wind resources. Although several Iranian companies attempt to establish national power plants, more attention needs to be devoted to this sector.