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Electric Power Generation: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Published in William C. Dickinson, Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Solar Energy Technology Handbook, 2018
The cost of transporting fresh water produced as an adjunct to OTEC power production would be substantial, except for onshore or near-shore applications. Accordingly, it is probable that the marginal cost effectiveness of manufacturing fresh water as an OTEC by-product will not be favorable for floating OTEC power plants at significant distances from shore. Another option that has been mentioned for the production of fresh water is the utilization of icebergs. An OTEC engine has been suggested [74] for propelling icebergs from arctic to temperate latitudes. In this cycle, the cold water would be obtained from the iceberg rather than via a cold water pipe. A similar cycle has been proposed [75] for producing energy and fresh water from the iceberg once it reaches its destination.
Surface Processes
Published in F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas, A Geology for Engineers, 2017
F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas
Ice is formed by compaction of snow in cold regions and at high altitudes, where the supply of snow exceeds the wastage by melting. In an intermediate stage between snow and ice the partly compacted granular mass is called neve. Ice of sufficient thickness on land will begin to move down a slope and such a moving mass is called a glacier. It may occupy a valley, as a valley glacier, of which many examples are found in the Alps, the Rockies, the Himalayas and other mountain regions; they are the relics of larger ice-caps (Fig. 3.37). Where several valley glaciers meet on low ground in front of a mountain range a piedmont glacier is formed, e.g. the Malaspina Glacier of Alaska. The accumulations of thick ice much larger than those of valley glaciers, constitute the ice-sheets, and cover great areas. The Greenland ice-sheet extends over about 1.73 × 106 km2; drill cores have been obtained from the ice at depths up to 1400 metres. The Antarctic ice-sheet is more than six times greater in extent. Rock peaks protruding through an ice cover are called nunataks. When land ice meets the sea it begins to float and break up into icebergs; any land-derived debris held in the ice is carried by the bergs and dropped as they become reduced by melting.
Ocean Environment/Sea States
Published in Sukumar Laik, Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production, 2018
Sea ice thickness can vary considerably, for example, floes, floating ice fields, grow to thicknesses of 10 ft over portions of the Arctic Ocean. When floes are driven together, they form ice ridges. Some ice ridges extend 20 ft above and 60 ft below the water surface. Icebergs are large, floating masses of ice detached from glaciers. The average iceberg is calculated to weigh 1 million tons.
Meteorite crater re-interpreted as iceberg pit in west-central Sweden
Published in GFF, 2021
Christian Öhrling, Henrik Mikko, Gustaf Peterson Becher, Carl Regnéll
Glaciers terminating in water, such as a glacial lake, tend to produce icebergs by calving, and if the icebergs grounds, they scour the lake bottom. Iceberg-grounding traces include pits and plough marks (Fig. 2; Dredge 1982; Brown et al. 2017; Greenwood et al. 2017).