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Articular Cartilage Development
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
The p38 protein has four distinct isoforms, α, β, γ, and δ (50% identity to ERK2 for p38α), with each of these isoforms having different substrate specificity. p38 is denoted by the presence of a conserved Thr-Gly-Tyr (TGY) sequence in the phosphorylation activation loop. p38 was initially identified as being activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Han et al. 1993, 1994). Common stimuli include environmental stresses, such as UV, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, hypoxia, mechanical loading, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 [IL-1], TNF-α), but rarely growth factors. Not surprisingly, given these activation stimuli, p38 plays a role in immune and inflammatory reactions, cell differentiation, and apoptosis.
Protective effects of natural compounds against paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity: the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Hasan Badibostan, Nastaran Eizadi-Mood, A. Wallace Hayes, Gholamreza Karimi
Xuebijing injection is a Chinese herbal medicine consisting of a mixture of Chuanxiong, Chishao, Danshen, and Honghua (Liu et al. 2014). PQ increased MAPK expression and stimulated the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in the lungs of rats (Liu et al. 2014). p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are key mediators of cellular stressors such as inflammatory cytokines. MAPK indirectly decreased the Nrf2 level (Liu et al. 2014). Liu et al. investigated the protective effect of Xuebijing in an animal model. Their findings suggested that this herbal mixture decreased IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β1 levels in PQ-treated animals. Although the levels of Nrf2 and GSH were increased in the lungs, Xuebijing was reported to protect rats against PQ lung-induced toxicity through the down-regulation of MAPK (Liu et al. 2014).