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Bioremediation: Plants and Microbes for Restoration of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils
Published in Jos T. Puthur, Om Parkash Dhankher, Bioenergy Crops, 2022
Harsh Kumar, Shumailah Ishtiyaq, Mayank Varun, Paulo J.C. Favas, Clement O. Ogunkunle, Manoj S. Paul
It is the primary metal used to make American pennies and die casting in the automobile sector. Some commonly used Zn compounds are zinc oxide (used in water colors or paints and as a modulator in the rubber industry), zinc chloride (used in deodorants), zinc sulfide (used for luminescent paints), zinc pyrithione (used as an anti-dandruff shampoo agent), and zinc carbonate (used as dietary supplements). Zinc metal is used in a tablet and is known for having antioxidant properties, which also defend against premature aging of the skin.
Herbal Antibacterial Agents as Odour Control Finish in Textiles
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
R. Rathinamoorthy, G. Thilagavathi
Yin Xu (2012) used polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and zinc pyrithione (ZP) as antibacterial agents in polyester and cotton textiles to control odour formation. After the wear trial, the odour intensity of the worn textile was analysed and compared with the untreated textile sample. The results showed that PHMB showed a significant bacterial count reduction (CFU/mL) compared to the control sample and ZP after the wear trial. Though both ZP and PHMB reduced the bacterial count on textile, the maximum reduction was noted with PHMB. However, in the case of sensory panel analysis, the antibacterial treatment did not show any effect on odour reduction. Irrespective of the antibacterial treatment applied, the polyester fabric showed a higher odour intensity than the cotton fabric. Others reported the use of a Triclosan-based antibacterial agent for textile treatment. The in-vivo analysis among 20 participants reported a significant reduction in odour formation compared to the untreated samples (Mao and Murphy 2001). Walter et al. (2014) evaluated the application of synthetic antibacterial agents in textiles and their effect on skin microflora. The results reported that the use of an antibacterial agent may significantly alter the native skin microflora and cause an imbalance in healthy skin. The most common synthetic antibacterial agents and their mode of action against bacterial strains are provided in Table 7.1, along with the type of textiles (Morais, Guedes, and Lopes 2016).
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Several antibacterial, antifungal agents in shampoos and other commercial products have been examined for toxicity in animals following dermal administration; only one has been developmentally toxic under the experimental conditions utilized. Dipyrithione (omadine disulfide) caused maternal, but not developmental, toxicity in rats and rabbits at doses of 30 and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, when applied during organogenesis.57 In the pig, however, dipyrithione induced tail defects when applied dermally on days 8 to 32 of gestation at doses in the range of 10 to 300 mg/kg.58 Sodium pyrithione (sodium omadine) elicited maternal toxicity without developmental toxicity in the rat at a dermal dose of 7 mg/kg applied on gestation days 6 to 15.59 Studies with zinc pyrithione in three species did not produce either maternal or developmental toxicity. No adverse effects have been reported in rats when 30 mg/kg was applied during organogenesis,60 or in rabbits at doses as high as 2.5 g/kg/d.61 In contrast to the results in the pig from dipyrithione, zinc pyrithione did not induce malformations or developmental toxicity at dermal doses as great as 400 mg/kg/d on gestation days 8 to 32.62
A Physiological-Based Pharmacokinetic Model For The Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Zinc Pyrithione: II. Dermal Absorption And Dosimetry In The Rat
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Gary L. Diamond, Nicholas P. Skoulis, A. Robert Jeffcoat, J Frank Nash
2-Pyridienthiol-1-oxide or pyrithione (PT) was first synthesized by Shaw et al. (1950) and later shown to exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antifungal activity (Chandler and Segel 1978; Knight 1973). Depending upon the properties desired, PT is used in the form of various metal salts/chelates such as sodium – NaPT, copper – CuPT, or zinc – ZnPT. These compounds have a wide-range of industrial applications, for example, as preservatives in metal working fluids, architectural paints, a co-biocide in antifoulant paints, coatings of surfaces and textiles, as well as the active ingredients in cosmetics and other consumer products (Camps et al. 2014; Fischer, Hansen, and Breuer 2003; Guthery, Seal, and Anderson 2005; Turley, Fenn, and Ritter 2000). The PT complex with zinc termed zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is a sparingly water soluble, lipophilic crystalline chelate of two PT molecules and zinc (Figure 1) that is employed in hair care products to treat and control dandruff (Bailey et al. 2003; Dinning et al. 1998; Reeder et al. 2011). At low pH, ZnPT dissociates to zinc and PT (Doose et al. 2004; Sun, Fernando, and Freiser 1964). While there are no apparent acute or chronic adverse health effects reported in humans exposed to ZnPT following industrial or consumer product utilization (Black and Howes 1978; Wedig et al. 1984), the use of this biocide deserves complete understanding of its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile for purposes of human risk assessment.