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Nanogels in Medicine
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Khushwant S. Yadav, Bala Prabhakar
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease which is characterized by inflammatory, scaly, and erythematous skin. There is hyperproliferation of the epidermis with visible inflammatory cell infiltration and neovascularization methotrexate (MTX) a potent immunomodulator extensively used for severe psoriasis. The oral dosage form of the drug has serious toxicity issues, hence needing alternate delivery systems. Topical application is one of the preferred choices but again has poor clinical effects due to inadequate percutaneous permeation of MTX across the epidermis basal layer. MTX has been formulated as nanogels for topical treatment of psoriasis by using nanostructured lipid carrier [28], NIPAM and butylacrylate [29], chitin [30].
Ultraviolet Electromagnetic Radiation
Published in Dave Birtalan, William Nunley, Optoelectronics, 2018
Another major use UV technology is phototherapy to treat psoriasis and other skin conditions. Phototherapy includes a broad range of medical treatments using light. Psoriasis is a persistent and chronic skin disease that has a tendency to be genetically inherited. Psoriasis may affect a small localized area, but it can also cover the entire body. It can be treated with UV-A or UV-B wavelengths. UV-A is done in conjunction with a photosensitizing agent, which allows for a lower UV dose. After several treatments, improvement can be seen in as little as 3 weeks, with maintenance therapy thereafter. UV dental applications include curing (UV-A to Blue VLED) for cavity fillings, brightening, and UV-C for toothbrush and medical instrument sterilization.
Nanotherapeutics: Enabling Vitamin D3 as a Multifaceted Nutraceutical
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Minna Hakkarainen, Kamalinder K. Singh, NanoNutraceuticals, 2019
Krantisagar S. More, Vinod S. Ipar, Amit S. Lokhande, Anisha A. D’souza, Padma V. Devarajan
Psoriasis is a common, chronic autoimmune inflammatory skin disorder, characterized by sharply demarcated, erythematous patches or plaques, with potential systemic complications (Soleymani et al., 2015). In psoriatic skin, the erythematous scaling plaques are the result of keratinocyte hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation. Vitamin D has been known to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and exerts a selective proapoptotic effect as shown in Figure 11.3. Psoriasis is a disease based on T-cell dysregulation and cytokine dysregulation. During stressed conditions, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-2, and IL-8) induce T cell differentiation into Th1 and Th17 releasing inflammatory cytokines, which cause keratinocyte proliferation (Fu and Vender, 2011; Soleymani et al., 2015). Vitamin D modulates immune cell expression by inhibiting the production of cytokines required for Th1 and Th17 differentiation and stimulate T cells to produce anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines such as IL-10, thus reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) in dendritic cells. Vitamin D has also been shown to stimulate the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) in keratinocytes. Cathelicidin serves as a first-line defense mechanism in the innate immune system and has anti-inflammatory effects. Cathelicidin is upregulated during wound healing and tissue repair. A study demonstrated that topical application of calcitriol and calcipotriol on psoriatic lesions induced Th2 differentiation and inhibited IL-12/23 production, with upregulation of cathelicidin (Fu and Vender, 2011; Soleymani et al., 2015).
Recapitulate genistein for topical applications including nanotechnology delivery
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Afroz Jahan, Juber Akhtar, Neha Jaiswal, Asad Ali, Usama Ahmad
Psoriasis is a prevalent long-term and recurrent skin condition that affects 1–3% of the population worldwide.[93–95] The exact cause of psoriasis is still unknown. Genetic stress, predisposition, infection, trauma, and medications are usually linked to the etiology of psoriasis.[96–98] The problems of psoriasis are gradually rising as a result of disease recurrence and the regular prolongation of the disorder’s course. Psoriatic arthritis, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and even cancers with a high mortality rate are examples of communal blockages.[99] Current psoriasis treatments, such as vitamin D derivatives, methotrexate, retinoic acid, and glucocorticoids, have significant xerostomia or withdrawal symptoms, and immunosuppression, which restrict their long-term usage.[100–103]
Genetic variants affecting chemical mediated skin immunotoxicity
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Isisdoris Rodrigues de Souza, Patrícia Savio de Araujo-Souza, Daniela Morais Leme
ARNT, a gene encoding a protein that forms a complex with ligand-bound AhR, also presents genetic variants that influence immune responses in the skin (Mimura et al. 1999). The intron variants rs11204735 and rs1889740 SNPs in this gene may contribute to development of psoriasis and scleroderma, which are autoimmune disorders of the skin (Schurman et al. 2020) (Table 3). Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin characterized by extensive (lymph)angiogenesis presenting symptoms of dry red skin lesions covered by silvery scales that may bleed or itch, in the most common forms of psoriasis (Benhadou, Mintoff, and Del Marmol 2019). This skin disorder results from constant stimulation of T cells by antigens presented in the skin (Krueger 2002), and cytokines released by activated T cells seem to be responsible for initiating and maintaining psoriasis, in which keratinocyte proliferation is verified (Valdimarsson et al. 1986).
Color and Texture Prior Based Segmentation and Analysis of Psoriatic Disease Types Using MPSO
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
The skin lesions seen in psoriasis may vary in severity from minor localized patches to widespread throughout the body. The primary clinical forms include classic Erythrodermic, Guttate, Inverse, Nail, Plaque, and Pustular type. When dermatologists analyze the disease visually, there are chances for misinterpretations as different skin diseases. But the Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) tool assists the physician in timely and accurate diagnosis. The CAD tool accepts the medical images of Psoriasis disease as input, processes them with a specific computational procedure and delivers the prediction result. In dermatology, many CAD pipelines have been proposed to diagnose various skin lesions. The multispectral polarized imaging system has been developed [2] to capture the image of psoriasis and used the image processing method for evaluating the scaly levels. The algorithm has been developed to directly and automatically segment scales from the skin surface and the red regions. That system will diagnose the psoriasis skin disease with more accuracy and speed, according to the Psoriasis area severity index (PASI).