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Herbal Antibacterial Agents as Odour Control Finish in Textiles
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
R. Rathinamoorthy, G. Thilagavathi
Yin Xu (2012) used polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and zinc pyrithione (ZP) as antibacterial agents in polyester and cotton textiles to control odour formation. After the wear trial, the odour intensity of the worn textile was analysed and compared with the untreated textile sample. The results showed that PHMB showed a significant bacterial count reduction (CFU/mL) compared to the control sample and ZP after the wear trial. Though both ZP and PHMB reduced the bacterial count on textile, the maximum reduction was noted with PHMB. However, in the case of sensory panel analysis, the antibacterial treatment did not show any effect on odour reduction. Irrespective of the antibacterial treatment applied, the polyester fabric showed a higher odour intensity than the cotton fabric. Others reported the use of a Triclosan-based antibacterial agent for textile treatment. The in-vivo analysis among 20 participants reported a significant reduction in odour formation compared to the untreated samples (Mao and Murphy 2001). Walter et al. (2014) evaluated the application of synthetic antibacterial agents in textiles and their effect on skin microflora. The results reported that the use of an antibacterial agent may significantly alter the native skin microflora and cause an imbalance in healthy skin. The most common synthetic antibacterial agents and their mode of action against bacterial strains are provided in Table 7.1, along with the type of textiles (Morais, Guedes, and Lopes 2016).
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Several antibacterial, antifungal agents in shampoos and other commercial products have been examined for toxicity in animals following dermal administration; only one has been developmentally toxic under the experimental conditions utilized. Dipyrithione (omadine disulfide) caused maternal, but not developmental, toxicity in rats and rabbits at doses of 30 and 5 mg/kg/d, respectively, when applied during organogenesis.57 In the pig, however, dipyrithione induced tail defects when applied dermally on days 8 to 32 of gestation at doses in the range of 10 to 300 mg/kg.58 Sodium pyrithione (sodium omadine) elicited maternal toxicity without developmental toxicity in the rat at a dermal dose of 7 mg/kg applied on gestation days 6 to 15.59 Studies with zinc pyrithione in three species did not produce either maternal or developmental toxicity. No adverse effects have been reported in rats when 30 mg/kg was applied during organogenesis,60 or in rabbits at doses as high as 2.5 g/kg/d.61 In contrast to the results in the pig from dipyrithione, zinc pyrithione did not induce malformations or developmental toxicity at dermal doses as great as 400 mg/kg/d on gestation days 8 to 32.62
Coastal Water: Pollution
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Water Resources and Hydrological Systems, 2020
Antifouling paint booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to organotin compounds in antifouling products.[5] These replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. Commonly used biocides in today’s antifouling paints are as follows: Irgarol 1051, diuron, Sea-Nine 211, dichlofluanid, chlorothalonil, zinc pyrithione, TCMS (2,3,3,6-tetra-chloro-4-methylsulfonyl) pyridine, TCMTB [2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole], and zineb. It has been reported that the presence of these biocides in coastal environments around the world is a result of their increased use (notably in Australia, the Caribbean, Europe, Japan, Singapore, and the United States). For example, Irgarol 1051, the Irgarol 1051 degradation product GS26575, diuron, and three diuron degradation products [1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3,1-di-methylurea (CPDU), 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylu-rea (DCPMU), and 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea (DCPU)] were all detected in marine surface waters and some sediments in the United Kingdom. Risk assessments indicate that the predicted levels of chlorothalonil, Sea-Nine 211, and dichlofluanid, in contrast to Irgarol 1051, in marinas represent a risk to marine invertebrates. Finally, non-eroding silicone-based coatings can effectively reduce fouling of ship hulls and are an alternative to biocidal and heavy-metal-based antifouling paints. Although polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs) are unable to bioaccumulate in marine organisms and their soluble fractions have low toxicity to marine biota, undissolved silicone oil films or droplets can cause physical–mechanical effects such as trapping and suffocation of organisms.[5]
Sub-lethal toxicities of zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione alone and in combination to the indicator mussel species Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 (Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Nikola Třešňáková, A. Çağlan Günal, Gökben Başaran Kankılıç, Elif Paçal, Ü. Nihan Tavşanoğlu, Recep Uyar, Figen Erkoç
Our results lead us to conclude that both CuPT and ZnPT are highly toxic to the indicator species U. crassus. Hemocyte counts of the exposed groups, as the first line of defense, differed significantly from respective controls. MDA levels as indicators of oxidative damage products (LPO) such as lipid peroxides did not differ significantly. Reduced glutathione did not show differences during 48 h but similar to protein, there were critical differences at 7 d; protein levels were different on the 7th day of exposure. Although these biocides alone or in combination could generate oxidative stress through increasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the actual mechanism of action still needs to be investigated. Higher and combined pyrithione exposure may result in the impairment of the redox status leading to enhanced dose-dependent toxicity. Histopathological alterations in the gill and digestive gland tissues in U. crassus suggested as good biomarkers for biomonitoring of antifouling pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. These two antifouling biocides have replaced the tributyl tin compounds and therefore our work is novel and is contributing to the field by providing results of alone and combination ecotoxicological impacts due to these biocides. Our results can be used by researchers and regulatory agencies, providing significant toxicity data using biomarkers and end-points.