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Direct, Discharge and Resist Styles of Printing
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Principles of Textile Printing, 2023
The use of white spirit is nowadays objectionable on environmental grounds. White spirit may cause (a) air pollution due to its toxicity and (b) it is a fire hazard. Hence, emulsion pigment printing is replaced by eco-friendly aqueous pigment printing, described as follows:
New Technologies of Liquid Radioactive Waste Conditioning
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2020
N. T. Kazakovsky, V. A. Korolev, A. A. Yukhimchuk
Tritium in organic liquids can be in a bound state, and its recovery is difficult. The main method of organic LRW reprocessing is burning, for which special installations are required. For safe storage and transportation of that LRW in laboratory conditions, we propose a solidification method.3 Thus, LRW is mixed with a saturated hydrocarbon mixture: paraffin, stearic acid, and ceresin wax. After transition into a liquid state at 70°С temperature, this hardener mixes well with vacuum oil and other organic substances, and after solidification, it forms a solid, homogeneous, hydrophobic compound, which guarantees safe storage. The final compound filling is 60% from mass. We can use this mixture for solidification of black oil and organic solvents (solvent, xylene, kerosene, White spirit, gasoline). To provide full safety and to reduce LRW handling time in a laboratory, we use a metallic container with a previously prepared hardener, and LRW is added by portions as far as it is produced. After a new portion of LRW is added to the container, it is heated up to 70ºС to melt down the content, and then it is cooled down. Further, the container with solidified radioactive waste can be stored safely for the staff and environment for a long time. We can add LRW portions up to the full saturation of the hardener mixture, which is controlled by measurement of the container mass with the final compound.
Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Abdullah Alabdulhadi, Ashraf Ramadan, Peter Devey, May Boggess, Maya Guest
KEPA regulations currently recommend replacing cleaning fluids with white spirit. White spirit is a complex hydrocarbon solvent, still being studied to evaluate health risks from occupational exposure (Ernstgård et al. 2009), and no studies of possible carcinogenic risks have been carried out (McKee et al. 2018). We recommend that low VOC printery products be required in Kuwait, to be achieved within a specified timeframe.
Development of updated RfD and RfC values for medium carbon range aromatic and aliphatic total petroleum hydrocarbon fractions
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2021
Chad M. Thompson, Virunya S. Bhat, Gregory P. Brorby, Laurie C. Haws
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a 2-year bioassay on Stoddard solvent IIC5Stoddard solvent IIC is a widely used white spirit mixture. in rats and mice (NTP 2004). Male and female mice, as well as female rats, were exposed to 550, 1100, and 2200 mg/m3, whereas male rats were exposed to 138, 550, and 1100 mg/m3, 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 2 years. Nonneoplastic lesions were only noted in male rats,6Based on the lesions that NTP reported in their summary table on page 10 of their report (NTP 2004). which consisted of renal tubule hyperplasia and nephropathy. These lesions were accompanied by changes consistent with a α2u-globulin-related mechanism that is well known to have little human relevance (Hard et al. 1993). According to the NTP (2004) study authors, “In general, the current studies confirmed previous findings on Stoddard solvent IIC toxicity. Most of the studies found in the literature for short- and long-term toxicity identified the kidney and liver as the major target organs” (NTP 2004). The NTP (2004) study authors also stated that mice could have tolerated higher concentrations but were exposed to the maximum attainable vapor generation. NTP (2004) further noted that, “Chronic exposure did not cause significant microscopic lesions while possibly exposure-related increases occurred in the incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and eosinophilic foci of the liver.” Based on these findings, the study NOAEC was considered 2200 mg/m3 in mice and female rats, and 1100 mg/m3 in male rats. Therefore, HEC values were calculated extrapolating from rats and mice, treating Stoddard IIC as a Category 3 systemically acting gas (U.S. EPA 1994).