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Water − state of the resource
Published in Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena, Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources for Civil Engineers, 2021
Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena
Water footprint is defined as the total volume of water used in the production of goods and services consumed by an individual or community or produced by a business. In the context of a country, it is the volume of water used in the production of all goods and services consumed by all inhabitants of the country. USA has a water footprint of 2,480 m3 per capita per year; China has a footprint of about 700 m3 per capita per year while the global average is 1,240 m3 per capita per year (WWDR3, 2009). A country’s internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic sources whereas the external footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce the goods it imports (virtual water).
Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of Water Footprint Research
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Fresh Water and Watersheds, 2020
Peili Duan, Lijie Qin, Peng Yin
High-frequency keywords are representative terms in the field of water footprint research, which can represent hot topics and development directions in this field. The keywords in the literature include author keywords, keywords plus, title keywords, and abstract keywords. Among them, author keywords are the most accurate judgment basis for analyzing research hotspots. Table 38.6 listed the top 20 high-frequency keywords in water footprint research. Obviously, it can be noticed that the keyword “water footprint” and “virtual water” appeared with the highest occurrence frequency. As the accounting method of water footprint, the keyword “life cycle assessment” ranked 3rd in author keywords. Sustainability had become an issue of increasing environmental concern. Water footprint can be used as a means to evaluate the sustainable utilization of water resources. Therefore, the keyword “sustainability” ranked 4th. In recent years, scholars had paid more and more attention to the impact of climate change on water footprint. The keyword “climate change” ranked 5th. In addition, China focused on agriculture and food security in water footprint research. International research on virtual water trade and water resources consumption was also concentrated.
Graphical Targeting Techniques for Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis (CEPA)
Published in Dominic C. Y. Foo, Raymond R. Tan, Process Integration Approaches to Planning Carbon Management Networks, 2020
Dominic C. Y. Foo, Raymond R. Tan
Water footprint is the cumulative water requirement associated with a product over its entire life cycle. Energy systems have water footprints that may be relevant to sustainable energy planning, because disruptions in water supply (e.g., drought) can have an impact on energy supply. This link has led to the concept of the water-energy nexus. For example, water is needed in large quantities for steam generation and for cooling in thermal power plants, including those running on fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, and biomass. Even renewable energy systems can have significant water footprints as well. Examples include evaporative losses in hydroelectric power, and water demand for energy crop cultivation in bioenergy systems. Water footprint is also indicative of potential vulnerability of energy systems to water shortage or drought.
Grey water footprint as a tool for wastewater treatment plant assessment– Hostivice case study
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2021
Lada Stejskalová, Libor Ansorge, Jiří Kučera, Dagmar Vološinová
WF quantifies direct and indirect amounts of water use in a life cycle or a supply chain. WF consists of three components: Blue Water Footprint represents the amount of water supplied from fresh surface water sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) or groundwater sourcesGreen Water Footprint represents precipitation on land that does not run-off or refill the groundwater but is stored in the soil or temporarily stays on top of the soil or vegetationGrey Water Footprint is defined as the volume of freshwater required to assimilate the load of pollutants; based on natural background concentrations and existing ambient water quality standards (Hoekstra et al. 2011).
A case study of the wastewater treatment system modification in denim textile industry
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Li Zhang, Ming Lei, Te Feng, William Chang, Alice Ye, Hong Yi, Changhai Yi
In the denim textile industry, large quantities of water are used during the production, such as pretreatment, bleaching, dyeing, and printing (He et al., 2019; Morali, 2010). The total water consumption in the whole productive process called ‘water footprint’. It is calculated that the water usage for producing one single jeanswear is approximately 11,000 L and a similar amount of wastewater is produced at the same time (Pal et al., 2017). The wastewater produced by the denim textile industry contains complicated compounds, such as organic matter, toxic chemical, detergents, dyes, and salts, among which most compounds are non-biodegradable and environmentally harmful (He et al., 2018a; Kahraman & Şimşek, 2020; Yaseen & Scholz, 2019). Therefore, the development of an effective treatment system for the wastewater from the denim textile industry is of great significance.
Virtual water: its implications on agriculture and trade
Published in Water International, 2018
Chittaranjan Ray, David McInnes, Matthew Sanderson
The water footprint is typically divided into three sub-categories: blue, green, and grey (see Figure 1). Blue water refers to the consumption of surface and ground waters (by irrigation) along the supply chain of a product or from growing a crop to bringing it to market. Green water relates to the consumption of rainwater (before it becomes runoff). This includes the moisture available to plants from soil and intercepted moisture in the plant canopy or on soil surfaces. The term ‘consumption’ used in blue and green waters refers to incorporation into the product, evaporation from soil or transpiration from plants, deep percolation to ground water, or movement of surface water from one catchment to another. Grey water is the amount of fresh water that will be required to assimilate the pollutant loads to meet water quality criteria as set by local regulations (i.e., dilution requirements for pollution).