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Case Study 3
Published in Brian Ford, Rosa Schiano-Phan, Juan A. Vallejo, The Architecture of Natural Cooling, 2019
Brian Ford, Rosa Schiano-Phan, Juan A. Vallejo
The Phoenix Courthouse’s PDEC system is probably one of the largest in the world. It consists of nine water supply pipes attached to the 6th floor balustrade serving a total of approximately 1100 nozzles (figs 37–38). The nozzles are controlled by motorised valves linked to the building’s BMS. The total water flow is 250 litres/hour with a pressure of 89 bar. At present there are no recorded figures of the daily water consumption but the measurement between 1 and 2 October 2007 show a figure of 6,317 litres which makes an average of 263 litres/hour (averaged over 24hrs). In a typical hot summer day, water consumptions in excess of 13,000 litres have been reported.
Residential Water Use
Published in Abbas Yari, Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Urban and Industrial Water Conservation Methods, 2020
The flow rate for a shower is expressed in liters per minute, the same as some other water consumers. Old or non-standard showers used in most homes use up to 25 liters per minute; by using a convenient showerhead, even a flow rate of 6 liters per minute can provide satisfaction for users. Most international regulations set the maximum water consumption to 8 liters per minute for showers.
Mapping domestic water use to quantify water-demand and water-related contaminant exposure in a peri-urban community, Indonesia
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Rosetyati R. Utami, Gertjan W. Geerling, Indah R.S. Salami, Suprihanto Notodarmojo, Ad M. J. Ragas
How does the observed water quantity usage compare to similar surveys done elsewhere? The data most widely available in literature are amounts of water used per person per day (l/day/person) either for drinking water or more generally for all combined activities in a domestic setting. The average daily drinking water consumption in the study is 1.7 l/person/day. While below the WHO guideline of 2.0 liters drinking water per day, lower daily drinking water consumption average values are reported in many countries around the world. According to Williams et al. (2001), one person needs at least 1.6 l/d to fulfil the basic needs. In America, the average drinking water consumption of British Columbia, Canada, and USA was 1.00 l/person/day, 1.62 l/person/day and 1.23 l/person/day, respectively (Levallois et al. 1998; U.S. EPA 2000; table S9Jones et al. 2007). Lower daily drinking water consumption averages are also reported in European countries such as England and Sweden with average value of 1.56 l/person/day and 1.86 l/person/day, respectively (FWR 1996; Westrell et al. 2006; table S9). Overall, findings in this study are in line with daily volumes reported in other studies.
Water consumption and economic growth: evidence for the environmental Kuznets curve
Published in Water International, 2022
Masoud Hosseinzadeh, Sayed H. Saghaian, Zahra Nematollahi, Naser Shahnoushi Foroushani
Production in the provinces of East Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Bushehr, Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan, Fars, Kerman and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Markazi, and Yazd are at a production level above the second threshold. So, given the limited water resources in other provinces, policymakers must make policies that will prevent further development of water-intensive industries in these areas. In addition, by limiting water used in industry in low rainfall areas, people will be directly and indirectly safe from the negative consequences of those industries. Water savings can be achieved in the industrial sector through a combination of changing behaviour, modifying and/or replacing equipment with water-saving equipment to reduce overall water consumption and increase internal reuse as well. Raw exports of water products should be prevented to pave the way for development and progress of the country.
Understanding Water Consumption in Qatar: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Survey
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2022
Alanoud Al-Maadid, Jesper Akesson, David H. Bernstein, Jayani Chakravarti, Ahmed Khalifa
The present study also aims to understand the household water usage behaviours among the sample of participants in Qatar. The participants are asked to report in detail their daily water usage activities as well as any water saving appliances they have installed in their homes. The use of water-saving devices such as low-flow taps and toilets, drought-resistant plants, faucet aerators and so on, are common techniques of reducing water consumption. For example, a study of 100 resorts in the United States found that faucet aerators, low-flow devices, dual-flush toilets and greywater recycling systems were associated with reductions in water consumption of upto 23% (Bruns-Smith et al. 2015). A similar in-depth interview study found that the installation of low-flow tap fittings and sensors were the most popular water saving devices among 23 hotels in Hong Kong (Chan, Okumus, and Chan 2020). Gardens are an important feature of contributing to high water use in houses, and using native and drought-resistant plants have been shown to be one effective technique for saving water (Kelly and Williams 2007). We therefore hypothesise that: Hypothesis 1.7. The use of water saving appliances will be associated with lower levels of water consumption.