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Properties and Applications of the Phytochemical
Published in Cristobal N. Aguilar, Suresh C. Ameta, A. K. Haghi, Green Chemistry and Biodiversity, 2019
René Díaz-Herrera, Pedro Aguilar-Zarate, Juan Alberto Ascasio-Valdes, Leonardo Sepúlveda-Torre, Juan Buenrostro-Figueroa, Monica L. Chavez-Gonzalez, Janeth Ventura, Cristóbal N. Aguilar
Urolithins circulate in plasma as glucuronides and conjugated sulfates in concentrations between 0.2 and 20 μM; therefore, it is correct to think that the beneficial health effects of products rich in ETs and EA are associated with this molecule produced in the intestine, this is the reason why it is essential to evaluate the biological effects of this metabolite. Recent in vitro research has shown preliminary evidence about the anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic effects (colon and prostate cancer), antioxidant, antimicrobial effects, and cardiovascular protection of urolithins, supporting their potential contribution to health, therefore, the transformation from EA to urolithins plays a critical role in the biological activities attributed to these compounds.15,69
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Olawole O. Obembe, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, O. S. Aworunse, Nneka R. Agbakoba
The increase or decrease of specific bacterial groups causes IBD severity. For example, increased prevalence of bacteria belonging to phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and decreased prevalence of those in the phylum Firmicutes led to disease severity in IBD patients (Zhou et al., 2018). With this, it is very likely that if the gut microbiota gets restored to improve the richness and diversity with beneficial bacteria, it will help in the treatment of IBD patients. It is gladdening to note that Urolithin, a metabolite of gut microorganisms, was linked to a reduction of inflammation and the prevention of colitis (Singh et al., 2019).
Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant, antibacterial and antimutagenic activities of aqueous extract from leaves of Alchornea glandulosa
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Douglas Costa Gontijo, Marisa Alves Nogueira Diaz, Geraldo Célio Brandão, Pablo Costa Gontijo, Alaíde Braga de Oliveira, Luciano Gomes Fietto, João Paulo Viana Leite
Natural antioxidants as phenolic compounds also reduce or inhibit the mutagenic potential of mutagens and carcinogens (García-Rodríguez et al. 2014; Zahin, Aqil, and Ahmad 2010). Compounds with antioxidant and antimutagenic activities are found in many medicinal and food plants and identification of these compounds is of important therapeutic significance (Trindade et al. 2016). In general, for the TA97 strain, there was diminished antimutagenic action of EAG after metabolic activation, while in the case of TA102 strain, there was a significant rise in antimutagenic activity with metabolic activation. The maximum of 126% antimutagenic activity noted in TA97 strain (−S9, 570 μg/plate) may be related to the inhibitory antimutagenic activity of spontaneous reversals referring to the negative control. In the TA98 and TA100 strains, low variation was found after metabolic activation S9 (Figure 4). It is important to note that EAG exerted antimutagenic activity in strains with different mechanisms of action, such as the TA97 and TA98 strains with mechanisms of frameshifts mutation and TA100 and TA102 strains with a base-pair substitution (Mortelmans and Zeiger 2000), without metabolic activation S9. In addition, it should also be noted that the TA102 strain displayed a higher % antimutagenic action after metabolic activation. This finding may be related to the high antioxidant activity exhibited by EAG metabolites. The metabolism of ellagitannins, major constituents of EAG, by P-450 cytochrome enzymes (S9), results in generation of ellagic acid and its metabolites, as urolithins (Sánchez-González et al. 2016). Ellagic acid and urolithins exhibit differing biological activities including significant antioxidant and antimutagenic actions (Turrini, Ferruzzi, and Fimognari 2015; Zahin et al., 2014). Further, it is known that the TA102 strain promotes mainly the detection of oxidative substances (Levin et al. 1982). The investigations examining antimutagenic activity of plants indicate the involvement of chemical constituents that might act as nonspecific redox agents, free radical scavengers, or ligands for binding metals or toxic principles (Sarkar, Sharma, and Talukder 1996). Although the species A. glandulosa displays significant antimutagenic action, its use requires caution, since the methanolic extract of the leaves produced mutagenic action in different strains of Salmonella typhimurium/microsome, with and without metabolic activation (Santos et al. 2010).