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Drugs for Treatment of Neurological and Psychological Conditions
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Tricyclic antidepressants also have anticholinergic and antihistaminergic activity that lead to side effects. They have largely been supplanted in treatment of mild depression, because of these side effects and the relatively high risk of toxic overdoses. They have been replaced by drugs that are more selective for one or more of the monoamine neurotransmitters.
Duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated pellets in capsules with delayed release: formulation and evaluation
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Ramya Krishna Nakkala, Balaji Maddiboyina, Shanmukha Chakravarthi Bolisetti, Harekrishna Roy
The term ‘depression’ is still commonly used to describe the condition. However, because it can also be used to describe psychological depression, more precise language is used in clinical and scientific settings. Major depression is a debilitating condition that affects a person’s relationships with family and friends, performance at work or school, sleep and dietary habits, and overall health. Monoamine neurotransmitters and their receptors are targets for many antidepressant medications, primarily norepinephrine and serotonin as their main targets [8]. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are the most commonly used antidepressant drugs, followed by SSRIs (e.g. fluoxetine and sertraline), heterocyclics (e.g. bupropion), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and a few other compounds like venlafaxine and duloxetine, which block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine [9,10]. When it comes to balancing brain chemicals, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor drugs (SNRIs) are very effective therapeutic agents and offer improved therapy safety [11]. Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Milnacipram, and Venlafaxine are examples of SNRIs. Patients with anxiety, ADHD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or chronic neuropathic pain may benefit from these medications. In particular, they work on two brain neurotransmitters: serotonin and norepinephrine.
Removal of imipramine using advanced oxidation processes: Degradation products and toxicity evolution
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Selda Doğan Çalhan, Özkan Görmez, Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu, Barış Saçlı, Belgin Gözmen
The major degradation products identified in the AO and SWO processes are shown in Table 3. The first of the degradation products of IMP (m/z = 281) is imipraminoxide (m/z = 297). Imipraminoxide is both an analogue and a metabolite of imipramine and has similar effects. According to the AO method, imipraminoxide is present in the first hour and in the sample (AO 9), where 400 mA current is applied. In SWO, it was determined that there was no m/z = 297 peak of this intermediate decomposition product. Ketipramine (m/z:295), one of the degradation products of IMP as a result of both AO and SWO methods, is a tricyclic antidepressant that was tested in clinical trials for the treatment of depression in the 1960s but was never marketed.[32] Its chemical structure differs from IMP only in adding a ketone group to the azepine ring. A degradation product is seen only in SWO, which peaks at m/z 279. Depramine, also known as balipramine and 10,11-dehydroimipramine, is an unmarketed tricyclic antidepressant.[33] It was concluded that the compound in question was present in every sample studied in SWO. Another peak seen in AO and SWO is desipramine (m/z = 267). Desipramine is the primary active metabolite of the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine and lofepramine.[34] Desipremin is formed due to the N-demethylation reaction of IMP. When the LC-MS spectra are examined, it is seen that the dibenzazepine molecule with m/z 194 is present in every sample studied in both AO and SWO. Dibenzazepine is a chemical compound with two benzene rings fused to an azepine group. On the other hand, the Iminodibenzyl molecule with m/z 196 is only one of the degradation products formed due to SWO.
Polymer-mediated electrospun nanofibrous mats on supramolecular assembly of nortriptyline in the β-cyclodextrin medium for antibacterial study
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Rajaram Rajamohan, Angaiah Subramania, Yong Rok Lee
Nortriptyline, 3-(10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [a,d] cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N-methyl-1-propanamine, is a tricyclic antidepressant drug widely used in the treatment of unipolar depression since it is a nonselective serotonin uptake inhibitor [11]. Literature survey reveals that nortriptyline is official in British Pharmacopeia [12]. One decade back, conductivity measurements have been carried out successfully to study the behavior of some selective tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs), imipramine, desipramine, and amitriptyline hydrochlorides in the presence of β-cyclodextrin at 25 °C. The TCAs have been found to show an aggregation behavior in an aqueous solution. In the presence of β-CD, the TCAs form inclusion complexes with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio [13]. To the best of our familiarity, there are no previous reports on the supramolecular assembly on the NFM moiety for the antibacterial activity. In recent years, the cyclodextrin oriented supramolecular assembly with tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, maprotiline, imipramine, chlori-pramine, doxepin-E, and doxepin-Z has been studied with the help of HPLC and powder XRD [14–17]. Supramolecular assembly between a guest and host like antidepressants has been a great interest for further applications such as drug delivery [18], and antibacterial activities. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. In all areas of the environment, especially in food packaging, they are essential. Microbial resistance within the packaging industry must be a major concern. Increase the production and availability of the material that readily controls microbial growth in food production, as well as its preservation in terms of packaging. Therefore, greater attention has been paid to the screening and evaluating methods of antimicrobial activity.