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Recent Advancements of Additive Manufacturing for Patient-Specific Drug Delivery
Published in Atul Babbar, Ankit Sharma, Vivek Jain, Dheeraj Gupta, Additive Manufacturing Processes in Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Prakash Katakam, Shanta Kumari Adiki, Soumya Ranjan Satapathy
Transdermal patches are used to deliver drugs systemically through the skin. Traditional manufacturing methods to achieve high-throughput production compete with the requirements of patient-specific doses [84]. In other words, transdermal dosage forms can be manufactured in a faster and continuous way while addressing patient-specific dosages simultaneously. Transdermal thin-film patches and microneedles are used to deliver the drugs systemically [85], whereas local drug delivery is achieved by coatings on drug delivery vehicles, such as wafers and rods [72]. Film-forming drug delivery devices are also used for both oral and transmucosal drug delivery and for facilitating rapid drug release and absorption into the systemic circulation. Conventionally the films are prepared by dispersing drug in polymer matrix and followed by extrusion or film-casting methods. General approaches of film formation suffer from limitations of stability and drug loading. Microneedle patches are potential formulations used to deliver drugs through the transdermal route. The SLA microfabrication technique has been used to fabricate microneedle patches with high resolution (1–25 μm) [86], although it has been primarily employed to fabricate micro parts using ceramics and polymers and ceramics [87–88]. However, SLA needs various fabrication steps and customized equipment to make micro objects. Drug-coated and drug-eluting microneedles were fabricated using AM, which offers several advantages over conventional microfabrication methods [89–90].
Technological Innovations for the Transdermal Administration of State-of-the-Art Microneedle Arrays
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
T. de A. Andrade, J.A.C. Nascimento Júnior, A.M. Santos, S. Shanmugam, P. dos P. Menezes, Y.M.B.G. de Carvalho, L.A. Frank, M.R. Serafini
Transdermal patches are forms of drug delivery placed onto the skin that release a specific amount of the drug through the skin into the bloodstream. They can be found in two types: reservoir or matrix patches. These patches work by extending the pharmacological effect and eliminating changes in drug concentrations when used by the oral route (Omar, Nasr, and Rafla 2019). However, they present disadvantages such as skin irritation, obstruction of the sweat ducts (preventing vapour loss from the skin's surface), difficult application on curved surfaces, aesthetic appearance and pain on removal (Kathe and Kathpalia, 2017).
(Aloe barbadensis)
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
Vaibhav Shende, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
The transdermal patch could also be outlined as a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a selected dose of medication through the skin and into the blood. It promotes healing to the hurt space of the body. The patch is a bonus of transcutaneous drug delivery route over alteration styles of a delivery system like oral, topical, i.v., i.m., etc. The patch provides a controlled unleash of the medication into the patient, typically through either a porous membrane covering a pool of medication or throughout the body the heat melting skinny layer of medication entrenched within the adhesive [40].
Mathematical modelling of drug-diffusion from multi-layered capsules/tablets and other drug delivery devices
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Transdermal drug delivery provides an adequate suitable route for oral drug delivery having a large number of benefits over other drug delivery routes. A typical transdermal patch is composed of an adhesive matrix which contains the drug in-between a backing layer and release liner. Examples include nicotine patches which deliver a constant dose of nicotine across the skin that helps to relieve the symptoms associated with tobacco withdrawal, scopolamine for motion sickness, testosterone and oestrogen for replacement therapy, nitroglycerin for angina pectoris, fentanyl as analgesia and clonidine for hypertension. Therefore in this case, the domain consists of a two-layered transdermal patch and various layers of the skin (target tissue), mentioned in Table 3. Thus in this framework, there is an aggregate of nine layers (two layers of the transdermal patch and seven layers of the dermal region). Hence, taking n = 9, Eqs. (21) and (22) are simulated using the physiological values of various parameters given in Tables 3 and 4 with the help of Wolfram MATHEMATICA software, to obtain the concentration and diffusion profiles in the corresponding layers. The model simulations are presented graphically in Figures 11 and 12.
Recent update on alginate based promising transdermal drug delivery systems
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Sreejan Manna, Prajna Gupta, Gouranga Nandi, Sougata Jana
Transdermal films are an important component of transdermal drug administration facilitating painless administration, avoidance of hepatic metabolism, self administration, controlled release of medicaments and easy self removal whenever required. Transdermal films or patches also help in drug administration to dysphagic patients. This novel topical approach can maintain intimate skin contact with reduced dosing frequency and lesser residue on skin surface [107,108]. In biopolymer based transdermal patches, generally drug is dispersed either in adhesive layer or in backing membrane from which it can be released in a controlled manner to skin through release liner as shown in Figure 4. The hydration of skin is important during drug uptake which can be achieved by adding humectants during film casting. Various biopolymers are investigated by pharmaceutical researchers involving different techniques of preparation and applications [109]. Alginate is widely used for developing transdermal film for drug delivery and biomedical application. Thu et al. have developed bi-layer hydrocolloid films of sodium alginate by incorporating a model drug. For the first layer a specific amount of sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water in presence of glycerol. Sodium alginate gel was placed in a petri dish and allowed to dry for 3 days at 37 °C as a lower layer. The drug containing gel was poured over the dried layer and allowed to dry at a similar condition. The second layer was prepared by sodium alginate and gelatin in presence of glycerol which was poured into the petri dish. The drug was dissolved in a co-solvent (ethanol). The upper layer was dried by maintaining 50% RH at 37 °C for 3 days [110]. Another alginate based transdermal film was developed by Sikareepaisan et al. using 2% w/v of aqueous solution. Aqueous calcium chloride solution (0.05% w/v) was added to it and subjected to stirring for 4 h. An aqueous dispersion of drug was made, in which sodium alginate was added followed by addition of calcium chloride solution. The solution and the drug suspension were poured in polystyrene plates and subjected to drying for 4 days at a temperature of 50 °C. An additional cross linking step was performed for the “mixed” films with calcium chloride solution followed by drying in hot air oven to obtain “immersed” films [111].