China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Internal Combustion Engines
Published in Don M. Pirro, Martin Webster, Ekkehard Daschner, Lubrication Fundamentals, 2017
Don M. Pirro, Martin Webster, Ekkehard Daschner
Most detergents, and to a lesser extent many dispersants, have some ability to neutralize the acidic products of fuel combustion and oil oxidation. However, where a considerable ability to neutralize acids is required, such as in oils for diesel engines burning high sulfur fuels, highly alkaline (overbased) detergent-type additives are used. The concentration of these materials in an oil, and an indication of the oil’s ability to neutralize acids, is given by the total base number (TBN), or alkalinity value as it is also called. There is only a general relationship between TBN and the ability of an oil to control wear and corrosion caused by strong acids. This is because some newer additive systems have been found to be more effective in this respect than would be predicted by considering the TBN value alone.
Off-Road and Heavy Equipment Lubricants and Lubrication
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
This area of the piston is prone to oil deposit formation. These are lower-temperature deposits rich in unburnt oils that can build up and reduce the cooling of pistons. Detergency and ability to neutralize acids are critical to keep the under-crown areas of the piston clean. In systems fueled by poor quality fuels such as marine engines using low quality bunker and residual fuels, under-crown deposits can be seriously exacerbated. Oils for these applications must be specifically formulated, typically of high Total Base Number (TBN) reaching 20 or higher, in order to neutralize the acid formation due to fuel quality.
Experimental Studies of Low Salinity Water Flooding in Sandstone Porous Media: Effects of the Presence of Silica and Kaolinite
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Mohammad Mahboubi Fouladi, Kamran Hassani, Behzad Rostami, Peyman Pourafshary
The oil phase used in the water flooding test was selected from one of the light oil reservoirs. The total base number (TBN) and the total acid number (TAN) were measured using the standard ASTM D-2896 and ASTM D-974 methods, respectively. Oil viscosity measurement was also performed with an electromagnetic viscometer. The oil properties are listed in Table 2.
A novel analysis of n-butanol–gasoline blends impact on spark ignition engine characteristics and lubricant oil degradation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Syed Khizar Asrar Hussain, Muhammad Usman, Jamal Umer, Muhammad Farooq, Fahad Noor, Rizwana Anjum
The total base number (TBN) is the amount of alkali present in lubricating oil, which caters the acid formation in oil and neutralizes its effect. The acid formation promotes corrosion and oxidation, and with the passage of time, the TBN value decreases. The reduction in TBN for all test fuels is presented in Figure 6B. However, the lowest alkaline reserves in lube oil were observed for B12, followed by B6 and B0. The average decrease in TBN was 17%, 23%, and 33% for B0, B6, and B12, respectively, as compared to fresh lubricating oil. It can be interpreted by oxygen availability and high combustion temperature for B12 fuel, which further promotes the acid formation (Mathai et al. 2012). The flashpoint test has been a mandatory test in lubricant quality testing. It can be used to identify fuel dilution, thermal cracking, wrong/mix oil, and contaminations. The trend of flash point variation from the base oil is illustrated in Figure 6C. After completion of recommended engine running hours, the flash point temperatures for B0, B6, and B12 were 126.6°C, 130.5°C, and 133.7°C, respectively. An increasing trend of flash point from B0 to B12 can be attributed to fuel dilution, which is also prominent ina recent study of methanol–gasoline blend impact on lubricating oil flash point temperature (Ijaz Malik et al. 2021). Subsequently, the flash point of B0 lube oil was declined by 3% and 5% in comparison with B6 and B12, respectively. The higher combustion temperature for blended fuels resulted in light hydrocarbon burning and leaving heavy fractions behind in deteriorated lubricating oil (Usman et al. 2014). The presence of water in lubricating oil is a detrimental sign considering engine operations and its running life. It can cause corrosion, oxidation, and metal wear of heat engines. The common source of water mixing into oil is the condensation of moisture fraction in cold starting conditions and combustion. The water content testing has revealed a maximum of 0.016% for B12 fuel (see Figure 6D). However, a very few problems were reported for water content below 0.1% (Wilson and Lyon 2010).