China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Major Melt—Crucible Systems
Published in Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy, Metal–Crucible Interactions, 2023
The industrial importance and the quantity of research effort that titanium has attracted in the past 80 years among the less common metals is comparable to those of iron and steel among the common metals. Titanium is a very abundant element in the earth's crust, and its major ores are easily accessible in every part of the world. The question of titanium metal production in sufficient purity and decent quantities was presented with a workable solution when William Justin Kroll developed a magnesium reduction process for titanium tetrachloride, the ‘Kroll process', in the 1940s (Kroll 1940, 1959). Certain titanium alloys have outstanding combinations of properties that make them highly attractive for applications as structural materials in the aerospace and automotive industries, for chemical, petrochemical and marine applications, and in the manufacture of biomedical components and surgical instruments. Some other alloys of titanium have a combination of properties – shape memory and hydrogen storage – that make them very useful as functional materials for special applications in power generation, energy storage, robotics, biomedical and telecommunications, among others.
High Entropy Alloy Thin Films
Published in Fredrick Madaraka Mwema, Tien-Chien Jen, Lin Zhu, Thin Film Coatings, 2022
Fredrick Madaraka Mwema, Tien-Chien Jen, Lin Zhu
Titanium alloys have good fatigue strength, better corrosion opposition, and excellent strength-to-weight ratio compared to aluminium and steel alloys. Titanium can operate at relatively elevated temperatures as compared to aluminium alloys. Titanium exists in two separate crystalline types, i.e. the hexagonal close packed (HCP), which is stable at low temperatures, and the body-centred cubic (BCC), which is stable at high temperatures. The high temperature behaviour can be altered by alloying the structure of the alloy with elements that impart the high temperature stability properties. These (titanium) alloys have excellent long-term properties at room temperature, whereas at high temperatures these alloys can be stable for shorter periods of time. As such, titanium alloys are appropriately used in the construction of parts in the low temperature regions of the jet engines [9–12].
Anodic Dissolution of Metals in Electropolishing Electrolytes
Published in Madhav Datta, Electrodissolution Processes, 2020
Titanium and titanium alloys are lightweight, high-strength, corrosion-resistant materials. They are used in a variety of applications including aerospace, photovoltaics, chemical process industry, and biological implants. In many of these devices, it is critical for the metals to have defect-free, smooth surfaces. For such applications, the electrochemical polishing method provides a reliable, flexible, and cost-effective microfinishing option. An overview of electrolyte formulations for electropolishing of titanium proposed in the literature is given in Ref. [3]. A common feature of these electrolytes is their low water content. A high water content tends to increase the chemical stability of the passive oxide film formed on the titanium surface. Anodic dissolution in such a case leads to pitting rather than polishing.
Performance evaluation of process parameters using MCDM methods for Titanium Alloy (Ti6al4v) in turning operation
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023
Sushil V Ingle, Dadarao N Raut
Titanium and its alloys have outstanding corrosion resistance, superior biocompatibility, notable tissue inertness, good weldability, and other properties (Bhaumik, Divakar, and Singh 1995; von Turkovich and Durham 1982). These alloys have several uses in a variety of industries, including the chemical processing industry, the oil and gas industry, the marine and aviation industries, and the medical sector (2005). The aforementioned intrinsic qualities and practicality of titanium alloys compel researchers to investigate and scrutinise a variety of these alloys’ machining features. Recent years have seen increased interest from other commercial and industrial sectors in the studies on the machinability characteristics of these alloys. On the other hand, the restricted use of titanium alloys is caused by their high initial cost and extraction process challenges. Additionally, due to the lower productivity, these alloys can only be machined at a limited range of cutting rates (about 30–60 m/min) due to their high chemical affinity and poor heat conductivity.
A review on parameters affecting properties of biomaterial SS 316L
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022
In the past titanium alloys were most widely used for biomedical applications. Replacement of failed tissue by medicine is possible using implant devices. Examples consist of screws for fracture fixation, artificial hearts, artificial hip joints, bone plates, and artificial knee joints. Titanium alloys available are alpha (α) alloys, beta (β) alloys, and alpha-beta alloys. α alloys offer high creep strength, oxidation resistance but these are non-heat treatable which can be overcome by using β alloys which have excellent formability and also responsive to heat treatment because of this α-β titanium alloys are recommended materials (Wanhill and Barter 2012). Most widely used titanium alloys are Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb (ASTM F1295), Ti-12Mo-6Zr (ASTM F1813) and Ti-13Nb-13Zr (ASTM F1713). Large number of universities and industries had performed in-vivo and in-vitro titanium experiments throughout the world for the last 50 years. From their research, it has been found that biocompability of titanium is associated with its oxides. Commercially pure titanium surface spontaneously build-up stable and inert oxide layer, due to which it is considered to be the best biocompatible metallic material. Biocompatibility of titanium alloys depends on thermodynamic state at physiological pH values, ion formation tendency in aqueous environments, corrosion resistance, level of electronic conductivity, and an isoelectric point of oxide (Elias et al. 2008), (Casaletto et al. 2001).
Tribological Performance of Gradient Ag-Multilayer Graphene/TC4 Alloy Self-Lubricating Composites Prepared By Laser Additive Manufacturing
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2021
Hongyan Zhou, Chaohua Wu, Dong-yan Tang, Xiaoliang Shi, Yawen Xue, Qipeng Huang, Jin Zhang, Ammar H. Elsheikh, Ahmed Mohamed Mahmoud Ibrahim
Titanium alloys are excellent candidates in the fields of aerospace, automobile industry, offshore engineering, and medical equipment, due to their low density, high strength, favorable corrosion resistance, and remarkable biocompatibility (1, 2). Especially, many core components of aero engines and structural parts of aircraft, as well as more than 95% of fasteners on the aircraft, have been made of titanium alloys (3, 4). Nowadays, the rapid development of high thrust-to-weight ratio aero engines creates an increasing demand for titanium alloys. However, titanium alloys with inferior tribological properties such as high friction coefficient, serious adhesive wear, and fretting wear have been unable to meet the tough working conditions, as well as to be used as friction components (5–7). Therefore, it is important to enhance the tribological properties of titanium alloys to make them more safely and widely used in advanced aero engines under the tough working conditions of high alternating load and high working temperature.