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Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
A number of fungicides, including bifonazole, imazalil (enilconazole, chloramizole), and flusilazole, which have been shown to inhibit the activity of human placental aromatase, act as endocrine disruptors. Other modes of action of these compounds include the inhibition of thyroid peroxidase, affecting thyroid hormone production [Demeneix and Slama 2019].
Physical activity, sports participation and exercise-related constraints in adult women with primary hypothyroidism treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Jeannette A.C. Lankhaar, Ellen Kemler, Hedwig Hofstetter, Dorine C.M. Collard, Pierre M.J. Zelissen, Janine H. Stubbe, Frank J.G. Backx
Primary hypothyroidism is the second most common endocrine disease worldwide after diabetes mellitus and is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency. Hypothyroidism can be categorised based on its time of onset (congenital or acquired) and its severity, as in overt (clinical), subclinical, and mild diseases (Biondi & Wartofsky, 2014). The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the general population varies between 0.3% and 3.7% in the USA and between 0.2% and 5.3% in Europe (Åsvold et al., 2013; Aoki et al., 2007; Canaris et al., 2000; Garmendia Madariaga et al., 2014; Hollowell et al., 2002), depending on the definition used (Chaker et al., 2017). Hypothyroidism affects women 10 times more frequently than men, and its rate increases with age (Vanderpump, 2011). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which is also referred to as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), is characterised by the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) in serum and is the most common cause of hypothyroidism (Caturegli et al., 2014; Chaker et al., 2017; Vanderpump, 2011). The standard treatment of hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THR) with levothyroxine (Chaker et al., 2017), which is one of the main prescribed drugs worldwide (Korevaar et al., 2018).
Nexus between perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) and human thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review evidenced from laboratory investigations and epidemiological studies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Weiping Xie, Wei Zhong, Brice M. R. Appenzeller, Jianqing Zhang, Muhammad Junaid, Nan Xu
PFC exposure can disturb enzymatic activity, which may mediate thyroid function and subsequent regulation. PFOS and PFOA were reported to decrease the bioactivity of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of iodine to thyroglobulin during TH biosynthesis (Song et al., 2012). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the enzymatic activity does not always change, even if the gene expression changes.