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Other Modification Processes
Published in Dick Sandberg, Andreja Kutnar, Olov Karlsson, Dennis Jones, Wood Modification Technologies, 2021
Dick Sandberg, Andreja Kutnar, Olov Karlsson, Dennis Jones
The desire to convert naturally occurring sugars in hemicellulose, for example, into chemicals normally derived from petrochemicals has led to a great increase in biochemical refining. A key reaction is the conversion of sugars into furfural (see Section 2.5), which is widely used in the manufacture of inks, plastics, antacids, adhesives, nematicides, fungicides, fertilisers, and flavouring compounds. It is also used as a solvent and can be converted into a range of compounds, including furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and levulinic acid. Levulinic acid can also be derived from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) (Antonetti et al., 2016). Gairola and Smirnova (2012) have shown that D-xylose and hemicelluloses can be converted to furfural in catalyst-free SC-CO2 .
Fabrication and Processing of Polyurethanes
Published in Nina M. K. Lamba, Kimberly A. Woodhouse, Stuart L. Cooper, Polyurethanes in Biomedical Applications, 2017
Nina M. K. Lamba, Kimberly A. Woodhouse, Stuart L. Cooper
Polyurethanes require relatively polar solvents for solubilization. An important consideration in the choice of the solvent to be used for fabrication is the boiling point. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a useful solvent for coating because of its low boiling point and thus lower evaporation time. Unfortunately, the most effective solvents for solubilizing polyurethanes are either toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic.4 Thus, these solvents need to be handled with care. It also is important that all the solvent be removed from the finished material before it is used as an implant. This requires carefully controlled drying operations and extensive washing with water where possible.
Synthesis, reactivity and transition metal complexes of 1,1′-bis(diethynylphosphino)ferrocene
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sachin C. Sonawane, Harish S. Kunchur, Sameer Prasad Pandey, Maravanji S. Balakrishna
All experiments were performed under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen or argon using standard Schlenk techniques unless otherwise stated. Solvents such as toluene, petroleum ether, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, ethanol, elemental sulfur, 30% aq. H2O2 and other chemicals were obtained from Spectrochem and dried, purified by conventional methods and distilled using appropriate drying agents prior to use. Ethynyl magnesium bromide (0.5 M in THF), trimethylsilylacetylene, ferrocene, RuCl3·3H2O, PdCl2, PtCl2, cyclooctadiene, CuCl, CuBr and CuI were purchased from Aldrich (India). [Fe{C5H4PCl2}2] [20], [Ru(η6-p-cymene)Cl2]2 [32] and [M(COD)Cl2] (M = Pd, Pt) [33] were prepared according to published procedures or with slight modifications.
Stability of dual (diesel-alcohol) and triplicate (diesel-alcohols-ethers) fuel blends
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Jitendra Narayan Gangwar, Samir Saraswati
Methanol is also found to have poor solubility in diesel fuel [13]. The low viscosity and high self-ignition temperature of methanol make it challenging to use a diesel-methanol blend with a methanol fraction of more than 10%. However, it is possible to develop a stable diesel-methanol with a higher percentage of methanol if oleic acid or iso-butanol is added to the blend. The use of 1-dodecanol [14] and iso-propanol [15] as an additive has also been reported for achieving stable diesel-methanol blends. The use of palm methyl ester [15] in a diesel-methanol blend makes the 10% blend stable for a longer duration. The miscibility of methanol in diesel also increases with the addition of a green solvent named Tetrahydrofuran (THF) [16]. It is obtained by acid hydrolysis of bagasse or maize husk.
Syntheses, structures, and immobilization of ruthenium(II) complexes with alkoxysilane groups functionalized N,N′-diamine and phosphine ligands
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Jiao Ji, Li-Miao Shi, Fule Wu, Zhi-Feng Xin, Ai-Quan Jia, Qian-Feng Zhang
SBA-15 (100 mg) was introduced into a three-necked flask connected to a vacuum pump and heated at 473 K for 4 h in order to remove the water and air adsorbed on the surface. Complex 1 or 2 (10 mg) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran which was degassed with N2 bubbling for 15 min. The activated SBA-15 was suspended into the above solution, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The excess of tetrahydrofuran was removed using a rotary evaporator, and the resulting yellow solid was dried at 80 °C overnight. The product was washed with tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether until the filtrate became colorless. Finally, the brown solid products (1)/SBA-15 and (2)/SBA-15 were dried in vacuo for 2 h and stored for further applications. FT-IR (KBr) for (1)/SBA-15: 3425 [ν(O–H)], 1081 [ν(Si–O–Si)] cm−1; for (2)/SBA-15: 3451 [ν(O–H)], 1088 [ν(Si–O–Si)] cm−1.