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Strategies
Published in Rick Houghton, William Bennett, Emergency Characterization of Unknown Materials, 2020
Rick Houghton, William Bennett
Many reactions can be observed by adding the sample to water in one of two methods. If the material may react violently with water, place a gram of material on an inert surface and add water from the side. Use this open method if a material produces a gas upon contact with water. For less reactive solids, add about ½-inch or 1 cm of water to a test tube and add a gram of solid sample to the water. Note the specific gravity, any dissolving, color change, etc. and then agitate with a pipette and observe again. If the sample is liquid, mark the surface of the water on the test tube before adding an equal volume of liquid by slowly running it down the side of the test tube. Be careful to point the tube in a safe direction as contents of the tube may eject if a violent reaction occurs. After you are certain a violent reaction will not occur, gently agitate the contents with a pipette and avoid injecting air into the liquid.
General Safety Practices
Published in James P. Lodge, Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 2017
When heating material in test tubes, do not point the mouth of the test tube at anyone. The material may spurt out. Apply heat only to test tubes of heat-resistant glass such as pyrex, and use a test tube holder while heating. Pour out the contents before leaving the test tubes for final cleaning.
Potential production of biodiesel from green microalgae
Published in Biofuels, 2020
Samuel Kofi Tulashie, Siisu Salifu
To start the serial dilution method, all apparatuses which were used for the process were cleaned to avoid contamination. Ten test tubes were arranged in a test tube rack and filled with 9 ml of distilled water. Then 1 mL of the centrifuged stock sample which had higher concentrations of the microalgae was transferred into the first test tube: 1 ml was taken from the first test tube and poured into the second test tube; 1 ml from the second test tube was taken and poured into the third test tube. The process was repeated for the 10 test tubes as depicted in Figure 1. Once the process was completed, three of the test tubes were randomly selected to serve as inoculum for the culturing process. Three test tubes were replicated of one another. This procedure was repeated five times for four different nutrient concentration treatments and a control setup.
Condensation heat transfer characteristics of R1234ze(E) and R32 in a minihorizontal smooth tube
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2019
Yingying Yang, Minxia Li, Weidong Wu, Hua Zhang, Yitai Ma
Average heat transfer coefficient of each subsection (h) h is determined by the heat exchange (), temperature difference (), and the area (): where di is the ID of the test tube (di=2 mm), Lsub is the length of each subsection (Lsub=240 mm), and Twall,i is the inner wall temperature calculated by the outer wall temperature Twall,o: where do is the outer diameter of the test tube and λcopper is the thermal conductivity of test tube.
First evaluation of the possibility of testing for drugged driving using exhaled breath sampling
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Olof Beck, Shahid Ullah, Robert Kronstrand
Upon analysis, the device is decapped and placed on top of a glass test tube. Methanol is poured through the filter and the methanol is collected, concentrated, and used for drug analysis using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical procedure has been previously described (Beck et al. 2013; Ullah et al. 2018) and the method includes testing for amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, methylphenidate, ritalinic acid, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, alprazolam, hydroxyalprazolam, diazepam, oxazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, nitrazepam, 7-aminonitrazepam., clonazepam 7-aminoclonazepam, morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol, buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, hydromorphone, and tetrahydrocannabinol.