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Conifer Resins and Essential Oils: Chemical Composition and Applications
Published in Tatjana Stevanovic, Chemistry of Lignocellulosics: Current Trends, 2018
Nellie Francezon, Tatjana Stevanovic
Because of its high content of a limited number of compounds, turpentine is currently regarded as a raw material for the chemical industry. It provides precursor molecules for the production of plastics, adhesives, paints, flavors and fragrances, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Pinenes are by far the most important of them. α-pinene is a starting molecule in the synthesis of a number of molecules, among which borneol, camphor and terpineols. For example, α-terpineol which is lilac scented and is popular as a fragrance material, is obtained by hydration of α-pinene. The isomers α- and β-pinene can be transformed into limonene, which is widely used for perfuming household products. They are also the starting material for producing linalool, a sweet flowery scented compound. Most perfumery-grade synthetic linalool is derived from pinenes, but linalool is also an intermediate in the manufacture of artificial vitamin E.
Terpenoids Against Cardiovascular Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Monoterpenes can be classified into three subgroups: monocyclic (terpinolene and α-terpineol), acyclic (linalool, geraniol, myrcene) and bicyclic (thujone, fenchone, camphor, α-pinene) (Santos et al. 2011). There are other classifications in each of these subgroups: tropolonas (γ-thujaplicin), aldehydes and ketones (carvone, myrtenal), alcohols (menthol), lactones (monoterpene lactones are called iridoids, for example, nepetalactone) and unsaturated hydrocarbons (limonene) (Simões et al. 2004). Monoterpenes along with diterpenes and sesquiterpenes are known as secondary metabolites because they are categorized as being nonessential for viability; nevertheless, they conciliate vital interactions between plants and their surroundings (Santos et al. 2011). Interestingly, several studies have found that monoterpenes have diverse pharmacological characteristics such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-spasmodic, anti-oxidant and anticancer properties (Santos et al. 2011). In addition to those properties, monoterpenes are known to produce remarkable results on the cardiovascular system, enhancing amid other actions such as hypotension, reduced heart rate and vasodilation (Peixoto-Neves et al. 2010). Santos et al. (2011) surveyed 33 monoterpenes, 16 of them had been previously studied for their effects on the cardiovascular system: perillyl alcohol, citronellol, p-cymene, carvacrol, myrtenal, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), α-terpineol, linalool, rotundifolone (piperitenone oxide), α-terpinen-4-ol, menthol, myrtenol, α-pinene, sobrerol, thymol and α-limonene. Consequently, monoterpenes are already often seen as beneficial therapeutic agents for the cure and prevention of CVDs (Figure 9.1).
Role of some physical variables on gangue and water recovery in froth
Published in Gülhan Özbayoğlu, Çetin Hoşten, M. Ümit Atalay, Cahit Hiçyılmaz, A. İhsan Arol, Mineral Processing on the Verge of the 21st Century, 2017
Among the variables that affect water recovery, the type of frother and its concentration are important. Wrobel (1993) observed that a better grade was obtained in the increasing order pine oil, a-terpineol, cresylic acid, methyl amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol and triethoxybutane in galena flotation. In the case of copper (Subrahmanyam & Forssberg, 1988b) the order was similarly pine oil, polypropylen gycol, triethoxybutane and MIBC. Klimpel and Hansen (1986) emphasized the proper choice and dosage of frother in flotation.
Research on the usability of various oxygenated fuel additives in a spark-ignition engine considering thermodynamic and economic analyses
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Murat Kadir Yesilyurt, Battal Dogan, Abdülvahap Cakmak
Terpineol has attracted attention as a type of oxygenated fuel additive for gasoline owing to its octane-boosting effect. Its research octane number is estimated to be 104; thus, it can be used as an octane booster, enabling improved knock performance. Terpineol is mostly produced from the chemical hydration of pinene oil [26]. The feasibility of using terpineol as an octane booster for base gasoline fuel was researched by Vallinayagam et al. [27]. In their experimental study, terpineol was added to base gasoline with a research octane number of 94.5 and oxygen-free structure in volumetric fractions of 10, 20, and 30%. Also, ethanol-blended oxygenated gasoline (EURO V) was exploited in the tests for comparison. All obtained test fuels were tested in a single-cylinder SI engine operated under varied speeds and load conditions. The results indicated that the addition of terpineol to gasoline increased the octane number of the fuel, enhanced thermal efficiency by 12.1%, and lowered fuel consumption by up to 9.7% over non-oxygenated gasoline. Furthermore, at full engine load, CO and HC emissions were decreased by 22.7% and 36.8%, for the 30% terpineol and 70% non-oxygenated gasoline blend. Nevertheless, soot emissions and NOx emissions were higher for terpineol–gasoline blends compared to both non-oxygenated gasoline and oxygen-containing gasoline.
Fabrication and assessment of folic acid conjugated-chitosan modified PLGA nanoparticle for delivery of alpha terpineol in colon cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Amir Rahmati, Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi, Ehsan Karimi, Bahar Zarei
Alpha terpineol is a volatile monoterpenoid alcohol and a major component of the essential oils of many plants. This compound is a potent inhibitor of superoxide production and is able to regulate cellular function during inflammation [6]. Activation of the NF-κB transcription factor, which is highly expressed in many human tumors, is one of the reasons for the association between chronic inflammation and cancer, and alpha terpineol is able to stop the proliferation of tumor cells by blocking of NF-κB [6]. The anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antibacterial effects of alpha terpineol have been reviewed and confirmed in previous studies [7]. The synergistic effect of alpha-terpineol with linalyl acetate and camphor to stop cell cycle and induce apoptosis, mainly through the mitochondrial pathway, caspase signaling, and PARP cleavage, was reported in human colorectal cancer cells in a 2008 study [8]. However, due to the high hydrophobicity of α-terpineol, chemical agents are required to dissolve it in aqueous medium, and this is one of the most important limitations of the clinical use of α-terpineol [9]. The use of a drug delivery system (DDS) to increase the solubility, efficacy, increase blood circulation and bioavailability of the drug can remove the limitations of using such compounds [10]. This approach reduces the need for drug doses by increasing the clearance resistance and increasing the drug concentration in the target tissues [11].