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Biodiesel from First-Generation Feedstock
Published in Bhaskar Singh, Ramesh Oraon, Advanced Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production, 2023
Madhu Agarwal, Pushpendra Kushwaha, Karishma Maheshwari
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is used to make biodiesel, which has a high oil content. Sunflower is a main oilseed used to produce edible oil, with an annual output of 25.1 million tonnes. The oxidation stability of oil is affected by the linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid contents. Sunflower oil has about 70% linoleic acid and is highly sensitive to lipid oxidation (Saydut et al., 2016). Sunflower is the world’s fifth most widely grown oilseed harvest (Gupta et al., 2019). The cloud point of the synthesized sunflower oil biodiesel was reported to be –15 °C. As per the specification, there is no restriction for the cloud point of biodiesel in ASTM D 6751, however its value must be provided. For example, an investigation proposes the cloud point of –15 °C for sunflower oil and reports it to be safe for use as fuel in Turkey, a tropical country, on most days (Saydut et al., 2016). Researchers have examined the properties of sunflower oil and assessed the quantity of fatty acids in sunflower oil, illustrating that it has tremendous potential to be used as a feedstock for biodiesel oil. Research incorporating sunflower oil discharged from deodorizer distillate for biodiesel production yields with 94.32% efficacy within 9 h of reaction time at 65 min, suggesting that this is another sustainable method for good-quality biodiesel production (Diger Kulaksiz and Paluzar, 2021). Another report concluded that transesterification using kaolin-based impregnated catalyst revealed a higher biodiesel yield of 96% (Jalalmanesh et al., 2021). From the literature reports, one can see that sunflower-derived biodiesel has tremendous scope for producing the desirable quality of biodiesel.
Biomass Resources
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Wenqiao Yuan, Ziyu Wang, Deepak R. Keshwani
Sunflower seeds contain 44%–51% oil (dry basis), 17%–19% protein, 15%–20% fiber residues, and <1% ash. A number of micronutrients such as tocopherols (∼650 ppm), sterols (∼0.3%), phospholipids (∼0.8%), carotenoids (∼1.1 ppm), sterol-esters, waxes, chlorophyll, and trace metals exist in sunflower seeds as well. Major fatty acids present in sunflower oil are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids which accounts for 60%–70% of the total fatty acids. Minor fatty acids include palmitoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acids.
Biodiesel production from sunflower oil using a combined atmospheric cold plasma jet-hydrodynamic reactor
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Marziyeh Ansari Samani, Bahram Hosseinzadeh Samani, Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, Sajad Rostami, Rahim Ebrahimi
The fatty acid profile should be extracted to select oil as biodiesel feed. One of the fatty acids is oleic acid, which plays a very important role in the fatty acid structure of vegetable oils because it optimizes the balance between thermal stability and oxidative stability and improves the oil viscosity, all of which can affect the physical properties of the produced biodiesel [19]. Therefore, the fatty acid profile of the sample was determined using gas chromatography (GC). Table 1 shows the results of these measurements. The sample complies with the Iranian national standard ISIRI 1300. As can be seen in Table 1, linoleic and oleic fatty acids had the largest share in the fatty acid profile, with 66.93 and 21.92%, respectively. Therefore, sunflower oil is a good source for biodiesel production due to its oleic acid content.
Experimental Investigation of a Small-Scale Combustion Chamber Fuelled with Vegetable Oil
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2020
Valerio Giovannoni, Rajnish N. Sharma, Robert R. Raine
To have a reference to compare the emissions measurements to, the sunflower oil oxidation reaction at the equilibrium is considered. The composition of vegetable oil is not well defined as it is a blend of different fatty acids; however, several researches (Graboski and Mccormick, 1998, Hellier et al., 2015) showed that sunflower oil has a predominant component of linoleic acid (C18:2) and a lower content of oleic acid (C18:1). Generally, the composition of sunflower oil is made up of 14–40% of oleic acid, 48–74% of linoleic acid and the remaining quantity consists of palmitic and stearic acid. Therefore, for the purpose of calculating chemical equilibrium and stoichiometric fuel-to-air ratio, sunflower oil can be approximated as exclusively linoleic acid (being its main constituent): C18H32O2.
Iodine and Peroxide Index Rapid Determination by Mid- and Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Ozonated Sunflower Oil and Ozonated Fats
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Julien Vinet, S. Tréguier, C. Levasseur-Garcia, A. Calmon, F. Violleau
The objective of this study is thus to develop a rapid method to determine the II and PI of ozonated oils and ozonated fatty acid compounds by combining spectral analyses in different spectral domains and prediction models established by chemometric techniques. Toward this end, we study two types of sunflower oils: “classic” sunflower oil and “high-oleic” sunflower oil. We also study fats with a simple composition, namely, methyl oleate with a single unsaturated functional group and methyl linoleate with two double bonds.