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Chemical Composition of Biomass
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez, Biomass in the Bioeconomy, 2023
Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez
Fatty acids consist of an alkyl chain generally straight, terminating with a carboxyl group. The number of carbons in the chain varies, and the compound may be saturated or unsaturated (containing one or more double bonds). Short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (4−12 carbons in length) occur in milk fat, palm oil, and coconut oil. Other animal and vegetable fats contain longer-chain saturated fatty acids (more than 14 carbons in length) predominantly and are found chiefly in meats, butterfat, and some vegetable oils. Monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, contain one double bond per molecule, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as linoleic acid, contain more than one. Linoleic acid is classified as an essential nutrient since the body requires it but cannot synthesize it. Other PUFA are also essential the omega 3 long chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) widely produced from fish oil and micro algae and used as nutritional supplements. Arachidonic acid is also required by the body but can be synthesized from linoleic acid, which is abundant in oils from corn, soybeans, and safflower seeds.
Animals in agroecosystems
Published in Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz, Agroecology, 2023
Stephen R. Gliessman, V. Ernesto Méndez, Victor M. Izzo, Eric W. Engles, Andrew Gerlicz
Another class of organic molecule that animals are unable to synthesize is fatty acids. For this reason they are also classified as essential. Linoleic acid is a good example of a fatty acid that humans and other animals cannot make, but which is supplied by the seeds, grains, and vegetables that are part of a balanced diet. Vitamins are another important category of organic molecule that cannot be synthesized. Each vitamin, be it water soluble or fat soluble, has a different but important role, ranging from functioning as a coenzyme in various metabolic processes to allowing blood to clot. Animals vary in their need for vitamins in their diets, however, because there is variation in their synthetic abilities. For example, most animals can synthesize vitamin C, but it is an essential nutrient for humans, guinea pigs, and some birds, because these animals are unable to make it in their bodies.
Health and Nutritional Benefits of Numerous Bioactive Components Derived from Fish and Fish Products
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Michael Olugbenga Samuel, Genevieve Dable-Tupas, Chukwuebuka Egbuna
Warren et al. (2018) composed a widespread report on the antimicrobial efficiency of omega-3 PUFAs when evaluated against microbial pathogens. The authors highlighted the need to screen for a more potent antimicrobial agent that might be available in the omega-3 PUFAs which could serve as a potential replacement to synthetic drugs used for the treatment of various microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens which are responsible for microbial infections. Moreover, many of such microorganisms have developed significant resistance to numerous antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need to isolate and identify many phytochemical dietary compounds that possess antimicrobial activities. The significance of linoleic acid and its by-products which are docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, respectively, rests on their possible use in the inhibition and management of human infections and illnesses particularly affecting the cardiovascular system, the eyes, and in the development of the brain and growth of human beings. The authors suggested that there is a need to establish the modes of action through which these antimicrobial agents from omega-3 PUFAs exhibit their effectiveness against the tested pathogens as well as their level of toxicity and route of administration.
Quantum chemical simulation and laboratory testing of the curing mechanism and performance of resin bio-oil
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Yiming Zhu, Junyan Yi, Meng Xu, Zhuo Chen, Shih-Hsien Yang, Decheng Feng
The typical molecular structures of the epoxy resin, curing agent, and bio-oil we selected are shown in Figures 2–4. Here, linoleic acid was selected as the typical bio-oil molecule because it is one of the most abundant fatty acids in vegetable oil (Orsavova et al. 2015).
Synthesis and properties of unsaturated modified linoleate for fast UV-curable coatings
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Wei Zhang, Haihong Ma, Xu Han, Zhengfa Zhou, Weibing Xu, Fengmei Ren
Coatings are indispensable materials for national production and development, which are widely used in construction, industrial products, and other fields. In addition to consuming nonrenewable resources such as petroleum, traditional coatings need to add volatile solvents or diluents, which are harmful to the atmospheric environment and human health (Li et al. 2016). Due to the scarcity of petrochemical raw materials, the replacement of petroleum-based polymeric materials by bio-based ones has gained growing industrial and academical interest (Li et al. 2015; Miao et al. 2014; Sharma and Kundu 2006). Vegetable oil-inspired resins have been intensively used for coating applications due to their low cost, renewability, environmentally friendly availability as well as the probable biodegradability of the resultant polymer materials (Demirbas 2010; Huang et al. 2018; Sawpan 2018). Through reasonable molecular design, the using of vegetable-based oils and fats in the field of environmentally friendly coatings can further enhance the utilization rate of plant resources, and efficiently utilize the by-products in the process of plant resources processing, so as to realize “turning waste into treasure” (Parreidt et al. 2018; Sharmin et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2018). For example, linseed oil, which has low cost and non-toxicity, comes from the flax plant, which is an annual herb (Nayak and Mishra 2016). Linoleic acid, prepared by hydrolysis of linseed oil, has one carboxyl groups and two carbon-carbon double bonds (non-conjugated). As one of the potential bio-based platform chemicals, linoleic acid is suitable for the synthesis of unsaturated resins widely applied in coatings due to its high gloss, hardness, impact resistance as well as water resistance (Atta et al. 2007; Ince et al. 2015). Oxypolymerization is one of the common methods using in the coatings based on linseed oil. Güler et al. investigated some empirical equations for oxypolymerization of linseed oils. Results showed that the double bonds of linseed oil were consumed in oxypolymerization reaction, to form peroxide, carbon-oxygen and carbon-carbon bonds (Guler, Guner, and Erciyes 2004). Veigel et al. report a simple green route to improve the performance of linseed oil coating by the addition of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) (Veigel et al. 2017). Kahraman et al. used linseed oils to prepare durable coatings at 30 oC with the drying time of 140–200 min (Iseri-Caglar et al. 2014). It is worth mentioning that oxypolymerization of linseed oil requires considerable long time. Barandiaran et al. investigated waterborne polymer latexes based on linoleic acid, methacrylic functionality was incorporated into the linoleic acid, the resulting monomer was successfully polymerized via miniemulsion polymerization and the prepared coatings can be dried at room temperature for 24 h or alternatively at 120 oC for 1 h (Morenoa et al. 2014). The authors also prepared the eco-paints based on methacrylated oleic acid (MOA) and methacrylated linoleic acid (MLA) homopolymers and copolymers of methyl methacrylate. The results suggested that most of the prepared paints showed good properties and have great potential to replace petroleum-based waterborne coating materials (Morenoa et al. 2015).