China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemical Composition of Biomass
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez, Biomass in the Bioeconomy, 2023
Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez
Fatty acids consist of an alkyl chain generally straight, terminating with a carboxyl group. The number of carbons in the chain varies, and the compound may be saturated or unsaturated (containing one or more double bonds). Short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (4−12 carbons in length) occur in milk fat, palm oil, and coconut oil. Other animal and vegetable fats contain longer-chain saturated fatty acids (more than 14 carbons in length) predominantly and are found chiefly in meats, butterfat, and some vegetable oils. Monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, contain one double bond per molecule, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as linoleic acid, contain more than one. Linoleic acid is classified as an essential nutrient since the body requires it but cannot synthesize it. Other PUFA are also essential the omega 3 long chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) widely produced from fish oil and micro algae and used as nutritional supplements. Arachidonic acid is also required by the body but can be synthesized from linoleic acid, which is abundant in oils from corn, soybeans, and safflower seeds.
Parquetina nigrescens: Date Seed Pod Particle Polymethylmethacrylate Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
Published in Sefiu Adekunle Bello, Hybrid Polymeric Nanocomposites from Agricultural Waste, 2023
Sefiu Adekunle Bello, Sunday Wilson Balogun, Raphael Gboyega Adeyemo, Timothy Adewale Adeyi, Kemi Audu, Boluwatife Olukunle, Kazeem Koledoye Olatoye
Table 9.1 highlights the various peaks attained by each compound detected in Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles, as shown in Figure 9.2. Various compounds (Table 9.1) detected in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles were used in evaluating the level of toxicity of the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. Confirmed compounds were identified using a Java software, “Toxtree version 3.1.0.1851”. The software was employed in identifying the various level of toxicity of each compound present in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. It categorises the toxicity level of each compound into three different classes which are classes I, II, and III. Class I indicates low toxicity, class II, indicates intermediate level of toxicity and class III shows a high level of toxicity. Toxtree was able to identify majority of the compounds, leaving only a few. The analysis from the Toxtree shows that there are various toxic substances present in Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. Moreover, GCMS result identifies some compounds detected in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles, which have a certain usefulness. An example is the Oleic acid, which has an open chain, aliphatic structure with some functional groups. It is useful in food additives as flavouring agents and used in the production of agrochemicals such as herbicides, insecticides, etc. Oleic acid has been verified to be of low concern and it has a toxicity level of “class I”, indicating it has a low toxicity level. The presence of a toxic substance in the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles does not prevent its use as a PMMA additive for developing nanocomposite for biomedical applications. Its presence in PMMA can act as an antibacterial additive, improving antibacterial properties of the PMMA in adhesives for bone and tooth repair, in addition to probable improvement in mechanical properties of the PMMA. This implies that experimental investigations are imperative to determine an amount of Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles to be incorporated in the PMMA to develop nanocomposites implants saved to human and to ascertain the proposed applications of Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles as additives in the PMMA for biomedical applications. On the other hand, research can be focused on determining saved chemicals that can dissolve toxic components of the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles. This approach can lead to extraction of toxic components from the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles to leave remnants saved to the body as additives in the PMMA for improving the mechanical properties, though other benefits like an antibacterial property may be lost by the Parquetina nigrescens pod nanoparticles in this technique.
Microemulsion fuel formulation from used cooking oil with carbinol as the dispersion phase
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
There are also free fatty acids (FFA) in UCO as a result of repeated heating of the oil. The concentration of free fatty acids in used cooking oil from institutional cafeterias was found to be lower than that of many other places (for example, fast-food restaurants), even though the replacement rate of the cooking oil should be faster. Gas chromatography analysis of the sample was conducted, and Table 3 describes the fatty acid composition of the oil sample. The identified fatty acid composition consisted of saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid are the saturated fatty acid compositions. The monosaturated fatty acid composition is oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition is linoleic acid.
Assessment of biomass and lipid productivity and biodiesel quality of an indigenous microalga Chlorella sorokiniana MIC-G5
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Randhir K. Bharti, Dolly W. Dhar, Radha Prasanna, Anil Kumar Saxena
The abundance of palmitic, linoleic, and alpha linolenic acids was recorded in three microalgal strains belonging to Chlorella and Scenedesmus grown under nitrogen-amended medium followed by its limitation (Ratha et al. 2013). It has been predicted that high levels of oleic acid are best suited for biodiesel production (Robles-Medina et al. 2009), and the FAME obtained in our study contained a significant proportion of oleic acid. In Nannochloropsis oculata, growth phase and nutrient composition influenced the levels of SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and PUFAs in stationary phase (Huerlimann, De Nys, and Heimann 2010). Oils containing higher level of SFAs than UFA may solidify and clog the fuel line during the winter condition (Demirbas 2008). Biodiesels which contain high level of UFAs are less viscous and show higher pour and cloud point properties suitable for warm and cold weather conditions. The FAME composition with polyunsaturated methyl esters are not suitable for vehicle use, as they have low CNs and reduced oxidative stability. On the other hand, SFAs have higher CN (Knothe and Steidley 2011) (European standard EN 14214).
Kinetics of bubble interaction with low rank coal surface in the presence of adsorbed dodecane-oleic acid collector mixture
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Yinfei Liao, Hourui Ren, Maoyan An, Yijun Cao, Longfei Ma, Xiaodong Hao, Zechen Liu, Zhe Yang
Dodecane and oleic acid used in this study were purchased from China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation and used as supply. Dodecane is a typical nonpolar hydrocarbon oil collector. Oleic acid is a common fatty acid. The mixture (D-OA) was obtained by mixing oleic acid and dodecane with the mass proportion of 1:4 (Liao et al. 2020).