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Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Figure 10.1 shows the main aspects of the global sulfur cycle. This cycle involves primarily H2S, (CH3)2S, SO2, SO3, and sulfates. There are many uncertainties regarding the sources, reactions, and fates of these atmospheric sulfur species. On a global basis, sulfur compounds enter the atmosphere to a very large extent through human activities. Of the order of 100 Tg (teragrams, millions of metric tons) of sulfur per year enters the global atmosphere through anthropogenic activities, primarily as SO2 from the combustion of coal and residual fuel oil. In the United States, anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide peaked at approximately 14 Tg of sulfur in the mid-1970s and have dropped by more than 50% since then.
Feedstock Composition and Properties
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Sulfur compounds are most commonly removed or converted to a harmless form by chemical treatment with lye, doctor solution, copper chloride, or similar treating agents. Hydrorefining processes (Parkash, 2003; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2011, 2014a; Hsu and Robinson, 2017; Speight, 2017) are also often used in place of chemical treatment. Solvent naphtha is solvents selected for low sulfur content, and the usual treatment processes, if required, remove only sulfur compounds. Naphtha with a small aromatic content has a slight odor, but the aromatic constituents increase the solvent power of the naphtha and there is no need to remove aromatic derivatives unless an odor-free solvent is specified.
Chlorination
Published in Glenn M. Tillman, Wastewater Treatment, 2017
Dechlorination is the removal of all traces of residual chlorine remaining after the disinfection process and prior to the discharge of the final effluent to the receiving waters.This is commonly accomplished by the use of sulfur compounds such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite, or sodium metabisulfite.Sulfur dioxide is the most popular method for dechlorination because it uses existing chlorination equipment.
Waste tire pyrolysis and desulfurization of tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) – A review
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Moshe Mello, Hilary Rutto, Tumisang Seodigeng
The anthropogenic emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other harmful gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxides (NOx) have a tremendous negative impact on the ecosystem. Although some natural and physical actions such as volcanoes and fire cause air pollution, anthropogenic emission is the primary basis of air pollution worldwide. The presence of sulfur dioxide found in the atmosphere is usually because of the combustion of fossil fuels that contain a certain percentage of sulfur compounds. Combustion of these sulfur compounds in the atmosphere reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide, which eventually leads to acid rain (Koch et al., 1996; Cheng et al. 2020). (Shiraishi et al. 2002) reported that smog, global warming, and water pollution are other environmental pollution hurdles caused by the combustion of fossil fuels. Current standards and regulations for the allowable emission of sulfur dioxide are becoming more and more stringent globally (Mikulski et al. 2022).
New analytical methods for the determination of sulfur species with microextraction techniques: a review
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2022
Arina Skok, Yaroslav Bazel, Andriy Vishnikin
Sulfur is one of the most common elements. It was known and used in ancient civilizations. Sulfur can exist in numerous forms, both inorganic and organic. The chemistry of sulfur and its compounds is extremely diverse, and as a result, sulfur compounds are widely used in animate and inanimate nature; in the petrochemical, chemical and paper industries; in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, medicine and others. The most well-known inorganic sulfur compounds include oxides, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, tetrathionates, sulfides, polysulfides and thiocyanates. The class of organic sulfur-containing compounds is much more extensive; it is represented by various S(II), S(IV) and S(VI) compounds – the most famous among them being cysteine and methionine (amino acids), thiamine and cysteine (vitamins), penicillins (antibiotics), sulfamides (physiologically active substances), cystamine and cystaphos (radioprotective substances), mustard gas (poisonous substances), thioindigo and indigo carmine (synthetic dyes), polysulfide rubbers, etc. Volatile sulfur compounds play a significant role in atmospheric chemical processes, influencing climate change. Both organic and inorganic compounds have their sensing threshold at trace levels. Moreover, the concentration of sulfite ions can be a good indicator of environmental problems connected with sulfur equilibrium [1].
Regenerative one-stage catalytic absorption process with cupric ions for removal of reduced sulfur compounds in polluted air
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Pernille Lund Kasper, Anders Feilberg
Reduced sulfur compounds are common degradation products, emitted from numerous industries, such as petroleum refining, paper and pulp manufacturing, wastewater treatment, and biogas- and livestock production. Emitted concentrations vary from ppb levels in agricultural emissions [1] to ppm levels in emissions from biogas plants and industries [2–6]. Emissions are typically dominated by hydrogen sulfide (H2S), whereas reduced organic sulfur compounds may be present in amounts ranging from a few percent of H2S [1,4] to levels comparable to H2S [2]. Reduced sulfur compounds possess several adverse characteristics, i.e. toxicity, corrosivity and contribute to environmental detriment through acid deposition [7]. Furthermore, these compounds are associated with offensive odours and odour threshold values in the ppt and low ppb-range [8]. H2S emission from intensive livestock production also contributes significantly to atmospheric sulfur pollution [1]. Consequently, the industrial and scientific focus on abatement technologies treating reduced sulfur compounds and H2S in particular has been immense, with the majority of attention focused on the removal of H2S, which is typically the most significant and abundant of the reduced sulfur compounds [7,9–13].