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Biomolecules and Complex Biological Entities
Published in Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, BioMEMS, 2016
Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy
The biotechnology industry uses enzyme catalysis for commercial applications, for example, the production of semisynthetic penicillins using an enzyme called penicillin acylase. Glucose isomerase is used for the production of fructose from glucose, while an enzyme called sucrase brings about the hydrolysis of sucrose with the production of glucose and fructose. For bioprocessing, enzymes are immobilized in gel beds and held in suspension in the nutrient medium in a sterile bioreactor. Enzymes immobilized in a solid support are also used as biosensors. Selective enzyme inhibition is successfully used for drug discovery as well.
Modeling and evaluation of the sucrose-degrading activity of recombinantly produced oligo-1,6-glucosidase from A. gonensis
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Hakan Karaoglu, Zeynep Dengız Balta
According to the CAZy database (http://www.cazy.org/), oligo-1,6-glucosidase (O-1-6-glucosidase) (EC 3.2.1.10) is a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 31 (GH13_31).[10] O-1-6-glucosidase hydrolyzes non-reducing ends of isomaltooligosaccharides, panose, palatinose, and an a-limit dextrin by breaking α-1,6-glucoside bonds, although it generally lacks activity on α-1,4-glucoside bonds of maltooligosaccharides.[11] The enzyme is also called isomaltase, sucrase-isomaltase, dextrin 6-α-D glucanohydrolase, palatinase, and α-limit dextrinase. O-1-6-glucosidase is commonly used in the saccharification step of HFS production because it hydrolyzes branched oligosaccharides of short lengths and increasing glucose yield.[12] O-1-6-glucosidase can also hydrolyze sucrose to its monomers, glucose and fructose (Figure 1), which are valuable for HFS.[13] While, sucrose hydrolyzing activity was not studied for HFS production before, isomaltooligosaccharides hydrolyzing activity of O-1-6-glucosidase has been well-studied.[14] The microorganisms surviving above the temperature of 40 °C are categorized as thermophilic. Thermophilic microorganisms generally inhabit hot springs and have unique metabolites, especially physically and chemically stable enzymes. Recently, thermophilic microorganisms and their enzymes have been extensively researched due to their advantages for industrial applications.[15]
Effects of biochar on the accumulation of necromass-derived carbon, the physical protection and microbial mineralization of soil organic carbon
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yalan Chen, Ke Sun, Yan Yang, Bo Gao, Hao Zheng
Enzyme activity is closely linked to soil energy flow and nutrient cycling, and can provide insight into the intensity and direction of various biochemical processes. Enzyme activities are sensitive to changes in soil physicochemical properties, particularly disturbance from exogenous OC input. Current studies mainly focus on the effects of BC on enzymes involved in soil nutrient cycling, but there is great uncertainty about the responses of soil enzyme activities to BC amendments (Table S3). Many studies have reported increased enzyme activities after BC amendments. For example, BC has been shown to promote the activity of sucrase and β-glucosidase, which can hydrolyze sucrose and polysaccharides into glucose, respectively, providing energy for soil microorganisms (Yao et al., 2021). Moreover, BC tends to enhance soil urease activity, which can facilitate the hydrolysis of urea, mitigating urea-induced acidification and maintaining soil urease activity (Wang et al., 2022). In contrast, some studies have reported the suppressive effect of BC on soil enzyme activities (Bailey et al., 2011), particularly after long retention times (Yang et al., 2022). The effects of BC on enzyme activities also vary with the BC application rate (Awad et al., 2012).
Study on Remediation-improvement of 2,4-Dichlorophenol Contaminated Soil by Organic Fertilizer Immobilized Laccase
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2021
Dajun Ren, Yaohui Cheng, Chaofan Huang, Zhaobo Wang, Shuqin Zhang, Xiaoqing Zhang, Xiangyi Gong
The research of soil enzymes has become a very important field in modern environmental science and agricultural applications. Soil enzymes participate in all biochemical processes in the soil environment. The level of enzyme activity directly affects the material conversion efficiency and characterizes soil fertility. At the same time, soil enzyme activity can also reflect the level of soil microbial activity. The biogeochemical cycle of the ecosystem plays an important driving role, so soil enzyme activity can be used as a sensitive index to evaluate soil ecological security (Ge 2013; Wan and Song 2009). It can be seen from Table 4 that urease, phosphatase, and sucrase enzyme activities in the soil have increased before and after the 5-day experiment period, when urease and sucrase enzyme activities have the largest increase, and phosphatase enzyme activities have not increased much, indicating organic fertilizer can promote the activity of three soil enzymes. The increase in soil enzyme activity indicates that the soil microbial activity is increased, the biochemical process in the soil is accelerated, and the material conversion efficiency is greatly improved, that is, the soil is improved.