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Ion Exchange Resins in Drug Delivery
Published in Arup K. SenGupta, Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, 2007
Sunil K. Bajpai, Manjula Bajpai, Sutanjay Saxena
First of all, bicarbonate-loaded ion exchange resin beads are soaked in deionized water for a specific time, say 15 min. A small amount of sodium pertechnetate solution in a Sterlite vial is added. The suspension is now mixed intermittently using a vortex mixer and then left to settle. After removing the supernatant, the beads are removed by filtration, followed by washing with deionized water. After drying for some time, the damp resin beads are coated with Eudragit RS using a coacervation phase separation technique. In brief, Eudragit RS (0.1 g) is dissolved in 10 g of a 3% (w/v) solution of polyisobutylene in methylene chloride/n-hexane (60/40 v/v). Now one gram of damp resin is added and 15 ml of n-hexane is dropped in at 1 ml/min with continuous stirring to form the coating. The beads are then removed, washed with n-hexane, and stored in a desiccator.
Ion Exchange
Published in Reid A. Peterson, Engineering Separations Unit Operations for Nuclear Processing, 2019
Reid A. Peterson, Garrett Brown, Amy M. Rovira
The form of technetium present will significantly impact the ability to separate it from tank waste. Figure 6.33 provides the load curves for AZ-101 and AW-101 tank waste along with AN-102/C-104 (Burgeson, Blanchard Jr, and Deschane 2004a). For the first two tanks, the loading behavior at 3 BV/h is as expected for sodium pertechnetate, providing approximately 150 BVs before the target effluent concentration is exceeded (2% C/C0 in this case). Because the expected capacity is approximately 500–800 BVs for these feeds, it would likely be beneficial to run these feeds longer residence times than tested for a two-column configuration. Note that AZ-101 would be expected to have a higher capacity because of the lower nitrate concentration, but it also has roughly four times as much technetium as the AW-101 sample. The real challenge is represented by the waste from Tank AN-102. This tank received complexant waste from B-Plant during earlier processing to remove strontium and cesium (see Section 6.6). The strontium removal process added strong complexants to keep metals such as iron from contaminating the resultant strontium product. These complexants were subsequently dispositioned to several of the AN tanks. The primary complexants present in these wastes are sodium gluconate, EDTA, and HEDTA. In addition to complexing iron and some actinides, these organic species had the additional undesired effect of reducing the pertechnetate ion to a lower valent soluble complex that could not be removed by this ion exchange material. The data for Tank AN-102 suggest that roughly 50% of the technetium present in that tank had been reduced and was therefore not available for ion exchange.
Chapter 6 Radioisotopes and Nuclear Medicine
Published in B H Brown, R H Smallwood, D C Barber, P V Lawford, D R Hose, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Molybdenum, in the form of ammonium molybdate, is adsorbed onto an alumina column which is held in a glass tube. To obtain the daughter product, sterile saline is passed through the column and the technetium, in the form of sodium pertechnetate, is eluted (flushed out) into the lead pot. It takes some time for the concentration of daughter product to build up once the column has been milked so that the process cannot be repeated for several hours.
Tumor-targeting and imaging micelles for pH-triggered anticancer drug release and combined photodynamic therapy
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Qianqian Qi, Xianwu Zeng, Licong Peng, Hailiang Zhang, Miao Zhou, Jingping Fu, Jianchao Yuan
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)hexamethyleneimine (C7A, 98%), methacryloyl (95%), triethylamine, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%), polyethylene glycol Methyl ether methacrylate (PEG, Mn= 475 g/mol), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA, 99%), 1-vinylimidazole (VI, 99%), 4-vinyl benzene boronic acid (PBA, 96%), allylamine hydrochloride (98%), 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP, 99%), N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, 99%,), 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH, ≥97%), doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl, 98%), Tellurium (Te, 99.9%), Selenium (Se, 99.9%), thioglycolic acid (≥ 96%), Sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98%) purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. the company. Other reagents were purchased from Tianjin Chemical Reagent No. 2 Plant. C57 mice were purchased from Lanzhou Animal Farm of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. B16F10 murine melanoma cells was purchased from Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) was provided by Gansu Provincial Tumor Hospital. 3 - (4, 5 - dimethyl - 2 - thiazolyl) − 2, 5 - diphenyl - 2 - H - tetrazolium bromide (MTT), diphenyl imine, 2 - (4 - ethylphenyl) − 5 - (4 - methyl - 1 - piperidine benzyl) − 2, 5 - di - 1 H - benzimidazole (Hoechst 33342, 95%) were purchased from Beijing Suobao Technology Co., Ltd. Dulbec Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM medium), fetal calf serum (FBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
The tear turnover and tear clearance tests – a review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Izabela K. Garaszczuk, Robert Montes Mico, D. Robert Iskander, Alejandro Cerviño Expósito
It involves application of a radioactive tracer, gamma-emitting marker molecule which contains technetium 99, usually in a form of sodium pertechnetate drop (0.013 ml) [47,48] placed on the marginal strip or on the central part of the cornea [5]. Technetium is used, because of its availability and relatively small dose of radiation, resulting from a short half-life. Usually, the distribution of the tracer is imaged serially (one image per 10 s) by a gamma counter camera, for a duration of one minute and then at less frequent intervals, until the entire tracer has drained into the nasal cavity.
Mucoadhesive microspheres of glutaraldehyde crosslinked mucilage of Isabgol husk for sustained release of gliclazide
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Vipin Kumar Sharma, Prince Prashant Sharma, Bhaskar Mazumder, Aseem Bhatnagar, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Shivkanya Fuloria, Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
The surface radio-labeling of Isabgol husk mucilage microspheres was performed by 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate. In this process, a 10 mg of microspheres were suspended in 1 ml of distilled water in RIA tube (radioimmunoassay) and mixed with 100 µl of stannous chloride dihydrate solution (1 mg/ml in 10% acetic acid). Stannous chloride dihydrate solution was added to maintain sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) in reduced form as the reduced form has been used for effective labeling. The pH of the dispersion was adjusted to 6.8 and 7.2 with 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate solution and optimized for efficient labeling. Afterwards, a 2 mCi 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate was mixed homogenously with dispersion by vortex shaking and incubated for 10 min. The radio-labeling efficiency was determined with instant thin layer chromatography-silica gel (ITLC-SG) strips as stationary phase in which acetone 100% was used as mobile phase. A pin drop formulation homogenate was applied on the lower end ITLC-SG strip and allowed to run in mobile phase. After sufficient time of mobile phase running, strip was divided in 2:3 ratio of its length and small piece of the strip was treated as bottom while the large portion as top. These portions of strips were stored in radioimmunoassay tubes (RIA tubes) and the total counts of radioactivity in top and bottom portion of ITLC strips were taken by gamma counter. The in vitro stability of 99mTc-Isabgol husk mucilage microspheres complex was also estimated up to 24 h. Aliquots of formulations homogenate at different time intervals were applied on ITLC-SG strips and allowed to run in mobile phase to analyze any dissociation/degradation of the labeled complex. The dissociation was estimated as the percentage of radio-labeled complex remained after incubation time intervals of 0–24 h.