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4 in the Context of Efficient Dissolved Air Flotation
Published in Aleksandar Vlaški, Microcystis aeruginosa Removal by Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), 2020
KMnO4 conditioning as an option for coagulation improvement has been considered only recently. The application of this strong oxidant dates back to the beginning of this century, mainly to control noxious taste and odour causing compounds [48, 49, 50]. Ever since it has been used also for Mn(II) and Fe(II) oxidation and conversion from dissolved to colloidal form in ground and surface water treatment [48, 51], as an algicide for phyto- and zooplankton growth control in reservoirs [52, 53, 54], and as an oxidant to replace chlorine for THM avoidance [55, 56, 57]. Recent studies on the applicability of permanganate in the context of improved particle coagulation and flocculation have proven its beneficial effect, showing that it may behave as a coagulant aid and substantially improve direct filtration efficiency in particular [22, 42]. Finally, permanganate has also been used for disinfection purposes and for hydrogen sulphide removal [58].
Drinking Water Treatment
Published in Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont, Water Resource Management Issues, 2019
Louis Theodore, R. Ryan Dupont
Once aeration is completed various forms of chemical coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation take place as described previously for surface water treatment. In treating groundwater, this chemical treatment is typically focused on iron and manganese removal and water softening rather than solids and colloidal removal. Permanganate is widely used for iron and manganese removal. With permanganate application, ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron (oxidation state + 3), forming solid ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3); and manganese (Mn+2) is oxidized to manganese at a higher oxidation state (Mn+4), forming solid manganese dioxide (MnO2). These precipitates are removed by subsequent treatment steps, such as coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation, filtration, or GAC (U.S. EPA 2019a).
In situ Treatment Technologies
Published in Rong Yue, Fundamentals of Environmental Site Assessment and Remediation, 2018
Permanganate has also been traditionally used as an oxidant in wastewater treatment. Its application as an in situ chemical oxidant for environmental remediation started in the 1990s (Siegrist et al. 2001). The oxidation power of permanganate comes from the multiple valency states of manganese. Manganese is at its most oxidized state, Mn+7, in permanganate (MnO4−). During the ISCO reaction, manganese is reduced to lower valency states, mostly Mn+4 in the form of manganese dioxide (MnO2) solids, while the contaminant(s) are oxidized. The typical half-cell reaction of permanganate is as follows:
Rapid degradation of sulfamethoxazole by permanganate combined with bisulfite: efficiency, influence factors and mechanism
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Shenglan Liu, Yiqing Liu, Jiewen Deng, Yongsheng Fu
As a strong oxidizer, permanganate (Mn(VII)) has attracted much attention in the oxidative removal of emerging micro-pollutants containing electron-rich moieties during the water and wastewater treatment because of its good stability, high feasibility, low cost and high reactivity towards electron-rich organics [1–3]. During the reduction of Mn(VII), manganese intermediates (e.g. Mn(III)) can be formed, which may play an important role in the degradation of pollutants [1,4,5]. Although Mn(III) is very unstable in aqueous solution due to its fast disproportionation to Mn2+ and MnO2 [6], it is an electrophilic reactive species with a standard redox potential of 1.5 V and can be stabilized by organic or inorganic ligands, such as pyrophosphate, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citrate by forming stable Mn(III)-ligand complexes [7]. Recently, bisulfite (HSO3-) is simultaneously used as a reducing agent and an inorganic ligand to establish a novel system together with Mn(VII), i.e. permanganate/bisulfite (PM/BS), which can produce a large amount of Mn(III) and rapidly remove pollutants in a few seconds [8,9]. Thus, this system is gaining increased concern.
Performance evaluation of microbial fuel cell using a radiation synthesized low density polyethylene-grafted-poly (glycidyl methacrylate-co-vinyl acetate) as a proton exchange membrane
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Hanan M. Abd-Elmabood, Amany I. Raafat, El-Sayed A. Soliman, Amr El-Hag Ali
The high internal resistance is the most constraining factor facing the MFC as a power generating system. Although many research works attempted to develop new designs to minimize the internal resistance and maximize the electricity recovery, most of those systems failed to achieve a pronounced improvement in the cell voltage [41–45]. Cathodic oxidants with high redox potentials that can maximize the redox potential would improve the MFC efficiency. Among various specialized oxidants used in industry, permanganate is the most commonly used one due to its high oxidization capacity as well as its environmental safety. In both acidic and alkaline media, permanganate reduced to manganese dioxide by accepting three electrons [46,47] as illustrated in the following Equations
KMnO4/guanidinium-based sulfonic acid: as an efficient Brønsted acid organocatalyst for the selective oxidation of organic compounds
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2018
Ahmad Shaabani, Azadeh Tavousi Tabatabaei, Fatemeh Hajishaabanha, Shabnam Shaabani, Mozhdeh Seyyedhamzeh, Mina Keramati nejad
Oxidation reactions are among the most important and widely used reactions for the synthesis of complex organic compounds. The selective oxidation of organic substrates is one of the most challenging reactions on both the laboratory and industry scale. As a consequence, a large number of oxidants have been developed by researchers for specific purposes. Among them, permanganate, as a green, versatile and commercially available reagent, is widely used for the oxidation of organic compounds. The use of permanganate as an effective and well-known oxidant in organic chemistry has a long and extensive history. Industrial applications that consume thousands of tons of potassium permanganate annually are now being carried out without adverse environmental effect. The use of recycling technology has made these processes environmentally friendly and sustainable because manganese dioxide, as a co-product, is produced by the reduction of permanganate, can be easily recycled [1–4].