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Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Cancer Diagnosis
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
R. G. Aswathy, D. Sakthi Kumar
Nuclear imaging utilizes radioisotopes for the investigation and examination of the physiological and metabolic effects of the body. In nuclear imaging, radiopharmaceuticals are non-invasively administrated to the patients and the radiation emitted is recorded. The data acquired is used for diagnosis specifically for detecting functional abnormalities and early detection of tumors. The most common types of nuclear imaging methods are based on single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) (Figure 3.1).
Methods and Equipment for Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Rolf Zijlma, Danique Giesen, Yvette Kruiter, Philip H. Elsinga, Gert Luurtsema
Radiopharmaceuticals are administrated mostly via intravenous injection. To avoid damage to the blood vessels it is important to use a neutral pH solution. A range between 4-8 is acceptable. Due to the radioactive content, a minimal exposure time and quantity are preferred for the quality control employee. Therefore, pH paper is used where only a drop (< 10 µL) of product can determine the pH with an error of approximately ± 0.5 (Figure 6.7).
Detoxification of Biomedical Waste
Published in Ram Chandra, R.C. Sobti, Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation, 2019
Bamidele Tolulope Odumosu, Tajudeen Akanji Bamidele, Olumuyiwa Samuel Alabi, Olanike Maria Buraimoh
The use of radioactive isotopes, in the diagnosis and therapy of various diseases, is on the increase, and this has eventually contributed to the increase in the effluent of radioactive wastes generated from health facilities. Some of the commonly used radioactive compounds are isotopes of iodine (I-131, I-125, I-123), which are commonly used in the diagnosis of thyroid function and treatment of hyperthyroidism; fluorine (F-18), which is a good positron-emitting radioisotope for the development of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), a powerful nuclear medicine imaging technique; and carbon (C-14), which is used as a tracer in medical test and to date organic material.
PHWR Reactivity Device Incremental Macroscopic Cross Sections and Reactivities for a Molybdenum-Producing Bundle and a Standard Bundle
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2022
In diagnostic nuclear medicine, a radiopharmaceutical consisting of a radioactive atom bound to a substrate molecule is administered to a patient to obtain functional information about the patient’s organs and to diagnose various medical conditions. Technetium-99 m (99mTc) is the most commonly used radionuclide in diagnostic nuclear medicine, 99mTc is produced from the radioactive decay of its parent nuclide, molybdenum-99 (99Mo). 99mTc is used in approximately 30 million procedures per year, accounting for 80% of all nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures worldwide.1 Neither 99Mo nor its daughter product, 99mTc, exist naturally. The parent nuclide, 99Mo, is most commonly produced through the fission of uranium-235 (235U) in nuclear reactors with a fission yield of 6.1% (Ref. 2). 99Mo has a half-life of ~4 days, which means that it reaches saturation activity in ~20 days, after which it needs to be harvested.3
Bismuth coordination chemistry: a brief retrospective spanning crystallography to clinical potential
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Andrew H. Bond, Robin D. Rogers
Because of their use in medical procedures, various international bodies have rigorous chemical and radionuclidic purity regulations for radiopharmaceuticals. The chemical purity requirement derives from the needs for rapid, stable, and quantitative binding of the radionuclide, present at trace concentrations, to a biolocalization agent wherein adventitious cationic impurities can severely impair the binding efficiency. The need to ensure high radionuclidic purity stems directly from the hazards associated with the introduction of long lived or high energy radioactive impurities into a patient. The chromatographic separation chemistry reviewed below [46–48] emphasizes the knowledge progression from fundamental solid state studies of Bi3+ complexation by cyclic and acyclic polyethers to solution phase liquid/liquid distribution studies of Bi3+ in PEG-based aqueous biphasic systems to a clinically relevant chromatographic purification of 213Bi3+ for use in targeted radiotherapy.
Nuclear Medicine in Oncology
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2018
Carla Oliveira, Rui Parafita, Ana Canudo, Joana Correia Castanheira, Durval C. Costa
Radiopharmaceuticals are at the forefront of any decision-making within Nuclear Medicine. Radiopharmaceuticals are the main source of signal for diagnostic activities. They are also the core elements for achieving the metabolic radioactive therapeutic actions in Nuclear Medicine. Generally speaking, radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a radioactive isotope – radionuclide – which works as a tracer, connected to a molecule that will guide it to the desired target, whether it is a specific organ, body compartment, type of cell, cell component or even incorporating itself in a specific biological process. Therefore, all Nuclear Medicine exams require the administration of a radiopharmaceutical directed towards the function that is under analysis beforehand, and of which the gamma radiation emitted by the radionuclide is detected by the equipment and transformed into images. Similarly, all Nuclear Medicine therapeutics require the administration of a radiopharmaceutical that is specific to the cells intended to destroy. This destruction is essentially mediated by beta minus or alpha particles that are emitted by the radionuclide. But if radiopharmaceuticals are at the forefront of any discussion on Nuclear Medicine, what follows almost immediately is Oncology. In fact, Nuclear Medicine does not exist solely for the purposes of Oncology, but it was conceived with Oncology in mind. Indeed, the first clinical applications of Nuclear Medicine, which date from the 1930s, were within the scope of treatments for leukaemia and thyroid carcinoma with radioactive isotopes.