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Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Study of Entomology
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Chloroform–ethyl acetate–isopropanol (45:45:10)Separations were made on 10 × 10 cm HPTLC plates for the quantification of sesquiterpene lactones; the development of plates was carried out in closed tanks.141 Sesquiterpene lactones can also be separated in a solvent system of chloroform–acetone (6:1).149
A Brief History of Terpenoids
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Milena Campelo Freitas de Lima, Larissa Sousa da Silva, Larissa Silveira Moreira Wiedemann, Valdir F. da Veiga
Sesquiterpene lactones are a group of terpenes with a wide spectrum of biological activities. They are described mainly in the Asteraceae, Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae botanical families and present insecticide, fungicide and bactericide activities.
An exploration on the toxicity mechanisms of phytotoxins and their potential utilities
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Huiling Chen, Harpreet Singh, Neha Bhardwaj, Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj, Madhu Khatri, Ki-Hyun Kim, Wanxi Peng
Earlier studies coupled an anti-Thy monoclonal Ab with bryodin to prepare an immunoconjugate (Francisco et al., 1997). It was observed that the bryodin at low concentrations (0.01 nM) was specific in targeting lymphoma and myeloma cells. Many other compounds from plant and microbial origins can kill viruses. For example, the peptide toxin luffin P1 displayed antiviral activity against HIV in infected cells, and puroindolines a and b are cysteine-rich proteins from Triticum aestivum that showed bactericidal effect toward E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis (Capparelli et al., 2006; Jing et al., 2003). Another compound, pepcanatox, possessed antifungal properties and insecticidal properties. It displayed activity against the filamentous fungi Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp. (Martinelli et al., 2014; Postal et al., 2012). Furthermore, sesquiterpene lactone-derived compounds (artemisinins) have been found to be novel antitumor agents that have shown cytotoxicity to cancer cells in clinical trials (Ren et al., 2016). The consumption of alkaloids in foods and beverages improves immunity, performance, and nutrition. The alkaloids also possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-microbial properties (Apostolova & Victor, 2015; Senchina et al., 2014). Alkaloids can thus be beneficial with many valuable pharmacological characteristics for upgraded medicinal applications. In humans, alkaloids have many applications, such as being neuroactive compounds (caffeine and nicotine), lifesaving drugs (emetine and vincristine), modulators of the CNS, and powerful analgesics (Hussain et al., 2018; Kuete, 2014). Diterpenes, which contain four isoprene units, are also used favorably for their anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and anti-fungal mechanisms (Perveen & Al-Taweel, 2018). Therefore, toxicity and immunogenic studies should be performed to develop advanced strategies for exploring the antitumor properties of phytotoxins.
Phytocompounds from Anvillea radiata as promising anti-Covid-19 drugs: in silico studies and in vivo safety assessment
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Mourad Akdad, Soumia Moujane, Ismail Bouadid, Mohamed Benlyas, Mohamed Eddouks
The 12 compounds with higher affinity selected after the virtual screening approach were docked to the active site of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Based on their score values, these molecules were scored and ranked. Drugs with docking scores between −7.4 and −5.2 were considered interesting compounds that can be proposed as potential candidates to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro core protease. The 12 candidates with the highest docking score are presented in Table 2. The positioning of these 12 molecules with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was visualized (Fig. 1). 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, a natural phenolic acid was found to interact with Mpro substrate-binding pocket residues of SARS-CoV-2 via two hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions as well as van der Waals, and π-sulfur bonds. A hydrophobic interaction with the catalytic His41 and a π-sulfur bond with the catalytic Cys145 were observed. Spinacetin, an O-methylated flavonol was found to interact with the Mpro substrate-binding pocket residues of SARS-CoV-2 via multiple hydrogen bonds and two hydrophobic interactions as well as van der Waals, and π-alkyl bonds. A π-alkyl interaction with the catalytic His41 and a hydrogen bond with the catalytic Cys145 were observed. Hispidulin, a mono methoxyflavone exhibited three hydrogen bonds and two hydrophobic interactions as well as van der Waals, π-sulfur and π-alkyl bonds with the Mpro substrate-binding pocket residues. A van der Waals interaction with the catalytic His41 and a π-sulfur bond with the catalytic Cys145 were observed. Quercetin, a pentahydroxyflavone established hydrogen bonds as well as van der Waals, π-sulfur and π-alkyl bonds with the Mpro substrate-binding pocket residues. A van der Waals interaction with the catalytic His41 and a π-sulfur bond with the catalytic Cys145 via were observed. 9α-Epoxyparthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone exhibited two hydrogen bonds as well as van der Waals and π-alkyl bonds with the Mpro substrate-binding pocket residues and it was found to interact with the catalytic Cys145 via a van der Waals bond. Jaceosidin, a trihydroxyflavone established three hydrogen bonds and three hydrophobic interaction as well as van der Waals and π-alkyl bonds with the Mpro substrate-binding pocket residues. A π-alkyl interaction with the catalytic His41 and a hydrophobic interaction with the catalytic Cys145 were observed. The flavonoid Nepetin established two hydrogen bonds as well as van der Waals and π-alkyl, π-sulfur bonds with the Mpro substrate-binding pocket residues. A van der Waals-like interaction with the catalytic His41 and a hydrogen interaction with the catalytic Cys145 were observed.