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A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Many of the investigations focused on the variability in the genetic level in xenobiotic metabolism. The development of ALL may be affected by the DNA repair pathways and functions of cell-cycle checkpoints that might depend on dietary, environmental and other external factors. Although there are a limited number of investigations, reports exist to support a possible role for polymorphisms in the genes that are coding for cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) quinone oxidoreductase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, thymidylate synthase and cell-cycle inhibitors.
Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: in vitro screening assays
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Susan S. Schiffman, Elizabeth H. Scholl, Terrence S. Furey, H. Troy Nagle
Three additional genes, SHMT2, ATF3 and carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3), were also markedly expressed by sucralose-6-acetate with 81.23, 54.49, and 9.26-fold elevation relative to untreated control. SHMT2 encodes a key mitochondrial enzyme, serine hydroxymethyltransferase-2, that catalyzes the reaction of serine to glycine that is found in high concentrations in intestinal epithelial cells. SHMT2 initiates lymphoma development through epigenetic tumor suppressor silencing (Parsa et al. 2020), drives the progression of colorectal cancer (Cui et al. 2022; Liu et al. 2021), potentiates the aggressive process of oral squamous cell carcinoma (Zheng et al. 2022) and promotes tumorigenesis in rhabdomyosarcoma (Nguyen et al. 2021). ATF3 encodes a member of the mammalian activation transcription factor/cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors. ATF3 is a marker of oxidative stress (Ketola et al. 2012) and plays a role in modulation of metabolism, immunity, and oncogenesis (Yin et al. 2008; Ku and Cheng 2020). The carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3 (CHST3) gene encodes an enzyme (chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 or C6ST–1) that plays a role in the formation of chondroitin 6-sulfate (MedlinePlus 2023). Chondroitin 6-sulfate is involved in development and maintenance of the skeleton as well as naïve T lymphocytes (Uchimura et al. 2002). Chondroitin 6-sulfate expression is upregulated in human glioma cells, and this upregulation is correlated with glioma malignancy (Pan et al. 2020).
Development of new amphiphilic bio-organic assemblies for potential applications in iron-binding and targeting tumor cells
Published in Soft Materials, 2019
Mindy M. Hugo, Ipsita A. Banerjee
Iron plays important and diverse roles in many life processes including growth and proliferation of cells, maintaining homeostasis and numerous metabolic processes (1). It can alternate between ferrous (Fe+2) and ferric (Fe+3) oxidation states, which allows it to donate or accept an electron from a variety of biomolecules in the cell (3). This feature allows iron to mediate redox reactions that in turn can generate free radicals that have been suggested to influence intracellular signaling pathways (2). Iron catalyzes the Fenton reaction, which involves the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to ·OH + OH−. This reaction generates free radicals that cause oxidative damage to DNA, activate oncogenes, and inactivate tumor suppressor genes which can stimulate uncontrolled cell growth (4–6). Iron is also essential in the activation of certain cell cycle regulatory proteins as well as enzymes such as serine hydroxymethyltransferase, ribonucleotide reductase, and DNA polymerase complexes (7–9). Iron overload on the other hand has been implicated in debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinsons, β-Thalassemia, hemochromatosis, and cancer, (10,11). To overcome this, strategies have been developed to attenuate iron overload as a potential therapeutic approach. Iron deprivation has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest in late G1 or in the S phase and induce cancer cells to become apoptotic (12–14).
Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on sludge anaerobic fermentation: phenomenon and mechanism
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Baodan Jin, Yue Yuan, Ping Zhou, Jiahui Niu, Jintao Niu, Jingwen Dai, Nuonan Li, Hongfan Tao, Zhigang Ma, Ju Zhang, Zhongfang Zhang, Yu Li
Eighteen functional genes were determined at the genus level in the eight samples (Table 3). In this work, Proteobacteria increased with the ZnO NPs addition, specifically the ZnO4 NPs shock system (Fig. 3d) that played a significant role in acetate accumulation. Azospira, Ottowia and Hyphomicrobium were detected, which belonged to Proteobacteria.[46]Azospira and Ottowia could disintegrate organic components, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, other fatty acids.[47]Hyphomicrobium had specific enzymes, such as serine hydroxymethyltransferase, serine-glyoxylate aminotransferase or hydroxypyruvate reductase.[48,49]Azospira, Ottowia and Hyphomicrobium of the ZnO NPs shock stage were higher than those of normal ZnO NPs concentration, which might lead to high SCFAs production (Table 3). Thauera and Denitratisoma were aerobic denitrifying bacteria and were concentrated in the ZnO NPs shock stage, indicating that they could survive at extreme ZnO NPs exposure. The reason for this might be that proteins and polysaccharides outside of the cell could react with Zn2+ (from ZnO NPs) to resist the detrimental effects of OH− on the cell membrane. Ferruginibacter shows a powerful hydrolytic action on the macromolecular organics.[50] The activity of Terrimonas and Chryseolinea was positive for alkaline phosphatase and a-glucosidase, which could hydrolyze starch and DNA.[51,52]Mariniphaga could utilize dissolved organic matter by degrading various polymers.[53] Organic acid and protein could be hydrolyzed into small molecules by Aridibacter and Aridibacter was also enriched in ALP and ACP.[54]Bellilinea, belonging to the Chloroflexi, could use glucose and pyruvate.[55]Table 3 showed that Ferruginibacter (1.96%, 2.1%, 2.44% and 2.67%, respectively), Terrimonas (0.87%, 0.61%, 1.08% and 1.88%, respectively) and Chryseolinea (1.48%, 1.44%, 2.37% and 2.82%, respectively) belong to Bacteroidetes except Mariniphaga (0.99%, 0.75%, 0.87% and 0.58, respectively), which increased with the ZnO NPs addition. However, Mariniphaga had a prominent increase in the ZnO NPs shock stage (1.69%, 2.15%, 1.62% and 1.47%, respectively) which showed that Mariniphaga was enriched in the ZnO NPs shock stage and might the reason of higher SCFAs production. Anaerolineaceae was the main microorganism consuming the SCFAs, which belonged to Chloroflexi, detected in the eight fermentation systems and declined with the ZnO NPs addition, especially in the ZnO3 NPs (0.28%) and ZnO4 NPs (0.34%) systems. The community function analysis found that the ZnO NPs shock treatment increased the WAS biodegradability and enhanced the SCFAs accumulation.