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Motion Sickness
Published in Neil J. Mansfield, Human Response to Vibration, 2004
The most effective drug for prevention of motion sickness is scopolamine (also known as hyoscine or “Kwells”). This is an anticholinergic treatment which is effective for short periods of time following administration by either tablet or injection. It is also possible to obtain the drug in a small transdermal patch which is worn behind the ear (e.g., Parrott, 1989). This is known as “transderm scop” and can provide protection for up to 72 h by supplying a continuous controlled dose of the drug. Side effects can include dryness of the mouth, drowsiness, and blurred vision (i.e., some of the symptoms that occur if affected by motion sickness!). Therefore, those using scopolamine should not drive or carry out safety-critical tasks. Scopolamine is usually only available on prescription.
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies by Cutaneous Administration
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Rochelle W. Tyl, Raymond G. York, James L. Schardein
Scopolamine is a prophylactic for motion sickness usually applied for therapeutic use by a transdermal patch system. There are no reports of potential adverse reproductive/developmental outcome in humans using scopolamine patches. A teratogenicity study in rabbits and fertility studies in rats, which achieved plasma levels approximately 100 to 500 times greater than those achieved in humans using a transdermal system, showed marginal embryotoxic effects and decreased maternal body weight, respectively.147 These animal studies suggest current usage of scopolamine in the transdermal system is not likely to produce adverse reproductive/developmental effects.
Precautions & Possible Therapeutic Approaches of Health Hazards of Astronauts in Microgravity
Published in The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 2021
Nikita Pal, Shambaditya Goswami, Rajveer Singh, Tejpal Yadav, Ravindra Pal Singh
Scopolamine and promethazine could be used for prophylactic treatment in cases of space motion sickness. A dose of oral scopolamine hydrobromide ranges from 0.3 0.6 mg, and onset of action starts within 30 min to 1 hr for a duration of 4 hr. Intramuscular promethazine 25 to 50 mg is used to decrease the symptoms of space motion sickness. Management to prevent space motion sickness includes withdrawal of extravehicular activity, incendiary activities, or shuttle flight landing during the first 3 days of the mission (Jennings, 1998; Russomano et al., 2019).