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Subcritical Water Technology in Bioproducts Extraction and Nanocellulose Production
Published in Sandeep Kumar, Florin Barla, Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Technology, 2019
Quercetin is the aglycone form of several other flavonoid glycosides such as rutin and quercetrin that are found in citrus fruits, buckwheat, and onions, a polyphenolic compound that exists as glucosides in vegetables or fruits (Makris & Rossiter, 2001). Flavonoids in fruits and vegetables have a low-polarity chemical structure and so dissolve in organic solvent. The quercetin is commonly extracted from vegetables such as onion using ethanol or aqueous-based ethanol or methanol solutions. Quercetin can be efficiently extracted from onion using ethanol at room temperature for two hours or water at 100°C for three hours (Kang et al., 1998b). SFE of quercetin using 7.6% ethanol-modified carbon dioxide at 393 Bar and 40°C takes two and a half hours (Martino & Guyer, 2004).
Nanophytopharmaceuticals
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Om Prakash Katare, Eliana B. Souto, NanoAgroceuticals & NanoPhytoChemicals, 2018
Alka Mukne, Swapna Nair, Misbah Momin
Liposome-in-hydrogel complex systems are one of the latest techniques attempted for improving skin permeation of water-insoluble compounds. Hydrogels temporarily disrupt the skin barrier by hydrating the skin and, at the same time, exert a shielding function on the epithelial cells, thereby preventing evaporation of water from the skin and protecting it from the external environment. Liposomes add on the beneficial effects of the hydrogel by reinforcing the intracellular lipid (which may disappear when the skin barrier is disrupted) and improving sequestration of drug in the stratum corneum. Park et al. (2013) developed a two-step delivery system to enhance transdermal permeation of quercetin and rutin by preparing a liposome-in-hydrogel complex. The complexes were prepared by incorporating ceramide liposomes into cellulose hydrogel. It was observed that rutin was encapsulated to a greater extent as compared to quercetin, but the skin permeability of quercetin from the complex was greater than that of rutin. Skin permeability of both rutin and quercetin, when loaded in the liposome-in-hydrogel complex, was significantly higher compared with permeability of the drugs from single systems of hydrogels or liposomes. A similar study has been reported by Kim et al. (2014) for improving the skin permeation of liquiritigenin and liquiritin. Greater skin permeation of liquiritigenin and liquiritin (56.55% and 66.99%, respectively) was observed from the liposome-in-hydrogel complex systems compared with that from single liposomal (43.34% for liquiritigenin and 48.97% for liquiritin) and hydrogel systems (38.21% for liquiritigenin and 55.07% for liquiritin).
Potential application of Bioactive Compounds from agroindustrial Waste in the Cosmetic Industry
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Francisca Rodrigues, Ana F. Vinha, M. Antónia Nunes, M. Beatriz P. P. Oliveira
Almeida et al. evaluated the hydroalcoholic extracts of C. sativa leaves (Almeida et al. 2010, Almeida et al. 2015). The composition of extracts was mainly composed of phenolic compounds, like chlorogenic and ellagic acid, rutin and quercetin. An in vivo patch test was performed on 20 volunteers and the results were very promising (Almeida et al. 2010). No differences were observed for Transepithelial water loss (TEWL) measurements in comparison to purified water 2 hours after patch removal (Almeida et al. 2015). The same extract was evaluated under stability studies in order to prove its efficacy overtime.
Garuga pinnata attenuates oxidative stress and liver damage in chemically induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Sandeep Chavan, Remeth Dias, Chandrakant Magdum
The analytical techniques including UV, FTIR, NMR and GC-MS confirmed the presence of rutin as flavonoids a principle phytochemical in G. pinnata extract. Rutin is a flavonol abundantly present in plants such as passion flower, buckwheat, tea, and apple, and its chemical name is (3,3ʹ,4ʹ,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside). Chemically, it is a glycoside along with disaccharide rutinose, flavonolic aglycone quercetin. A variety of pharmacological behaviors have been shown, including antioxidant, cytoprotective, vasoprotective, anticarcinogenic, neuroprotective and cardio protective and hepatoprotective activities [54]. Rutin is commonly studied in laboratory animals for hepatoprotective function. The protective role of rutin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injuries in rats was tested by [55,56]. Rutin administration resulted in reductions in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase due to carbon tetrachloride elevation. Thus, current study demonstrated PCM, TAA and ethanol-induced acute and chronic hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats was significantly treated by using ethanolic extracts of G. pinnata leaves due to presence rutin as antioxidant, hepatoprotective flavonoids constituent.
Valorization of selected fruit and vegetable wastes as bioactive compounds: Opportunities and challenges
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Nerea Jiménez-Moreno, Irene Esparza, Fernando Bimbela, Luis M. Gandía, Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta
Wang, Liu, Zhao, Zhang, and Pang (2013) extracted saponins from old A. officinalis stems and studied their activity on suppressed cell viability of colon, breast, and pancreatic cancer. Their results suggest a promising use of these saponins as a supplement in healthcare foods and natural drugs for cancer prevention and treatment. Protodioscin is the most prevalent saponin in asparagus and, in recent years, it has attracted much attention due to its bioactivity. Wang et al. (2013) found that asparagus waste was a rich source of protodioscin but also contained rutin, a bioactive flavonoid. Rutin has significant physiological and pharmacological properties in mammalian systems, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiadipogenic, and neuroprotective, among others (Chua, 2013). Flavonoids in asparagus generally occur as flavonol derivatives (Figure 4) and contain significant amounts of glycosides derived from three aglycones, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin (Fuentes-Alventosa et al., 2008). Among the major flavonoids, asparagus are rich in rutin but they also contain high levels of another quercetin glycoside, isoquercetin, and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids (Figure 5c–f) (Di Maro et al., 2013).
Preparation of isoquercitrin by biotransformation of rutin using α-L-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus niger JMU-TS528 and HSCCC purification
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Li Jun Li, Xiao Qing Liu, Xi Ping Du, Ling Wu, Ze Dong Jiang, Hui Ni, Qing Biao Li, Feng Chen
It has been reported that rutin has a low solubility in aqueous solutions.[42] In this study, rutin was detected to have a solubility of approximately 1000 µg/mL in the transformation solution (Fig. 6A), indicating that a rutin concentration of 1000 µg/mL is suitable for isoquercitrin production. At the optimal rutin concentration (1000 µg/mL), the transformation reaction reached equilibrium after the reaction proceeded for 60 min (Fig. 6B). Under this reaction condition, the rutin transformation rate and isoquercitrin generation rate were measured to be 96.44% and 95.12%, respectively, using the HPLC method (Fig. 4C). Previous studies indicated that acidic hydrolysis led to an isoquercitrin yield of 9.6%;[16] naringinase transformation resulted in an isoquercitrin yield of 61%.[24] In addition, another α-L-rhamnosidase obtained an isoquercitrin yield of 60%.[35] Notably, the present study showed a much higher isoquercitrin yield (95.12%) than those reported in other studies (Table 2).