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Drug Delivery Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing
Published in Mohammad E. Khosroshahi, Applications of Biophotonics and Nanobiomaterials in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Some common routes of administration are non-invasive per oral, skin (topical), trans-mucosal, and inhalation. Drugs released in the form of degradation, swelling, affinity based interactions and diffusion. The drug is either taken orally or injected in the body. A wide range of materials can be used as drug carriers: biodegradable polymers, dendrimers, liposomes, nanotubes, and nanorods. Examples of polymers includes: poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polyanhydride. PGA and PLGA and their co-polymers are common biocompatible polymers that are used for fabricating nanoparticles. Gold-based core in mixed monolayer-protected clusters are also promising candidates, essentially due to being inert and nontoxic, and secondly because monodisperse NPs can be fabricated with tunable core size between 1.5–10 nm, thus providing a large surface area for efficient drug targeting and ligand conjugation. The attachment of payload can be achieved by either (i) noncovalent interaction such as DNA, siRNA, or enzymes via electrostatic interaction, or (ii) covalent chemical conjugation of small-molecule drugs. There can be two types of drug delivery methods: (a) Passive targeting and (b) Active targeting.
Magnetic Nanoparticles: Challenges and Opportunities in Drug Delivery
Published in Jeffrey N. Anker, O. Thompson Mefford, Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Particles, 2020
Allan E. David, Mahaveer S. Bhojani, Adam J. Cole
A goal of using MNPs for cancer therapy is to maximize drug delivery to the tumor while minimizing side effects. We will survey methods of drug delivery, describe conditions that affect circulation half-life of an MNP in the blood, and discuss methods to increase specific delivery to the tumor. Of course, the MNP must first be introduced into the body before any drug delivery could take place. There are many possible routes of administration for a therapeutic agent, including oral administration, inhalation, transdermal administration, and through direct injection (see Figure 8.4). Each administration route has its own set of advantages and drawbacks, which are also briefly discussed.
Improved skin-permeated diclofenac-loaded lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticles: QbD-driven industrial feasible process and assessment of skin deposition
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2021
Tejashree Waghule, Shalini Patil, Vamshi Krishna Rapalli, Vishal Girdhar, Srividya Gorantla, Sunil Kumar Dubey, Ranendra Narayan Saha, Gautam Singhvi
Topical diclofenac has been reported to show a better tolerability profile and the same effectiveness as compared to oral diclofenac. The topical route presents advantages over other routes of administration such as administration directly at the site, circumvention of first-pass metabolism, sustained drug delivery, and improved patient compliance. Owing to these advantages of topical delivery, there are many different topical formulations of diclofenac currently available in the market like ointments (Lenin-D), transdermal patches (NuPatch™), topical gel (Volini®), 1% w/w diclofenac sodium gel (Voltaren®), 1.16% w/w diclofenac diethylamine gel (Diclomet Gel™), and diclofenac diethylamine emulgel (Voltaren®emulgel). The conventional topical formulations face issues with the permeation of the drug through the skin layers, show local side effects like redness, scaling, itching, and dryness at the applied site. The permeation rate and depth of the drug through the skin can be altered by changing the formulation properties [3,6,7].