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Animal and Plant Toxins
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Jason S. Albertson, Frederick W. Oehme
Gastroenteric upset of rapid onset may be produced by many species of mushrooms that need not be identified for adequate therapy to occur. Profuse sweating is caused by mushrooms containing muscarine. Hallucination-provoking mushrooms contain psilocybin, a dose-responsive psychoactive substance. Young children are particularly susceptible to this toxin, but adults rarely require treatment.
Cannabis, alcohol and other drug findings in fatally injured drivers in Ontario
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Douglas J. Beirness, Kai Wen Gu, Nicholas J. Lowe, Karen L. Woodall, Nathalie A. Desrosiers, Brent Cahill, Amy J. Porath, Amy Peaire
A wide variety of psychoactive drugs are known to impair cognitive and motor functions required for the safe operation of a motor vehicle (Beirness 2017; Couper and Logan 2014) and there is a growing body of literature assessing the risk of traffic crash involvement among drivers who have used cannabis or other drugs (Asbridge et al. 2012; Brubacher et al. 2019; Drummer et al. 2020; Gjerde and Morland 2016). In light of the potential risks, countries around the world have taken various approaches to reduce driving while impaired by drugs and/or alcohol. In Canada, driving while one’s ability to operate a vehicle is impaired by alcohol and/or drug(s) are treated as equivalent offenses. The national criminal per se limit for alcohol is 80 mg/dL. In 2018, per se limits of 2 and 5 ng/mL were established for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the higher of which is associated with more serious sanctions. In addition, having a THC concentration of 2.5 ng/mL in combination with a BAC of at least 50 mg/dL is also associated with more serious criminal sanctions. Any detectable level was established as the per se limit for eight other drugs (LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, PCP, 6-monoacetylmorphine, ketamine, cocaine and methamphetamine). The only other non-zero per se limit was 5 mg/L for gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB). In Ontario, drivers with a BAC ≥ 50 mg/dL or those who perform poorly on the Standard Field Sobriety Test (SFST) are subject to an immediate 3-day administrative license suspension and a $250 fine. Novice drivers and those under 22 years are subject to zero tolerance for alcohol and drugs.