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Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
Published in Yixiang Shi, Ningsheng Cai, Tianyu Cao, Jiujun Zhang, High-Temperature Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, 2017
Yixiang Shi, Ningsheng Cai, Tianyu Cao, Jiujun Zhang
Electrolysis is a process in which electrical power is converted into chemical energy. For instance, electricity can split H2O into oxygen and hydrogen in an electrolysis cell. Hydrogen, a clean energy carrier, is promising for applications in next-generation power generation and transportation [1–3]. Presently, there are three types of electrolysis technologies being widely applied or studied: alkaline electrolysis cells (AECs), proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs), and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). AECs and PEMECs usually operate at relatively low temperatures (<200°C), whereas SOECs operate at high temperatures (500°C–1000°C).
Powder metallurgical production of 316L stainless steel/niobium composites for Proton Exchange membrane electrolysis cells
Published in Powder Metallurgy, 2019
N. F. Daudt, F. J. Hackemüller, M. Bram
Proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs) play a key role for the sustainable production of hydrogen and PEM electrolysis is suitable for coupling with wind and solar energy [1,2]. Recently, several studies have been conducted on developing electrocatalyst and polymer electrolyte for PEMECs. In comparison, there is relatively few researches focused on developing and improving porous transport layers (PTLs) for this kind of electrolysis cells. PTLs combine the function of transporting water, O2 and H2 molecules and electrons. Furthermore, they have to withstand pressures up to 50 bar if the system is operated in differential pressure mode. Owing to high electrochemical overpotential, acidic environment and presence of oxygen in statu nascendi PTLs require materials with high corrosion resistance, good electrical conductivity and sufficient mechanical resistance to support the membrane [3]. Moreover, PTLs should have a high porosity degree, interconnected pores and homogenous pore distribution to enable water reaching effectively the catalytic side [4]. According to Ojong et al. [5] decreasing PTL thickness to 500 μm or less enables to improve water transport to the membrane, being the basis of improved PEMEC performance. On the other hand, the results obtained by Borgardt et al. [6] and Hackemüller et al. [7] showed that 30% of porosity and thickness of 300–500 μm respectively are the best compromise for PTL made of sintered porous Ti tapes for combining low flow resistance and sufficient mechanical stability. Hackemüller et al. [7] proved that tape-casting technology is suitable for the production of Ti tapes up to 470 × 470 mm2 with 300 μm thickness, which makes them suitable for application as PTLs of industrial electrolyzers.
Review of green hydrogen technologies application in maritime transport
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Doha Elrhoul, Manuel Romero Gómez, Manuel Naveiro
There are three main low-temperature electrolysis technologies to be applied in the maritime sector according to the electrolyte used, namely, (i) Alkaline Electrolysis (AE), (ii) Direct Electrolysis of Seawater (DES), and (iii) Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis (PEME) (d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020). Alkaline electrolysis is the most developed technology and is considered as a key candidate for gH2 large-scale production in the near future (Dincer and Acar 2018; d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020; Nicita et al. 2020). AE uses water at the cathode as feedstock and usually potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a liquid electrolyte (Nicita et al. 2020; Dincer and Acar 2018; Dincer and Zamfirescu 2016b; d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020; Palhares, Vieira, and Damasceno 2018; Nikolaidis and Poullikkas 2017). The main characteristics of this technology are the operation temperature (60–90°C), the pressure is typically 30 bars, the efficiency varying between 50% and 65%, and a lifetime reaching 20 years (Dincer 2012; Dincer and Zamfirescu 2016b; d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020; Nicita et al. 2020). However, compared to other alternatives, the operation and maintenance of AE at sea is complicated as the electrolyte requires a periodic renewal due to the feed water impurities that pollute the electrolyte and plug the system (d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020).Direct electrolysis of seawater is an AE process (Dincer and Zamfirescu 2016b) that directly uses seawater as both a feedstock and electrolyte (d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020). Thus, water purification and desalination are excluded from this process; however, the main disadvantage is the presence of chlorine (Cl2), a toxic gas, that cannot be freed in the air (Dincer and Zamfirescu 2016b). DES operates at temperatures lower than 90°C (d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020). So far, this technology still does not have significant commercial applications (d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020).Unlike AE, proton exchange membrane electrolysis introduces water into the anode and uses a solid polymer electrolyte (usually Nafion) (Buttler and Spliethoff 2018; Dincer and Acar 2018; d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020; Nicita et al. 2020; Nikolaidis and Poullikkas 2017). In addition, PEME is distinguished by its zero-gap engineering, which consists of gathering all required elements in a single Membrane-Electrode Assembly (MEA) optimizing space especially for small deck and requiring no maintenance; however, its components are the main reason for PEME’s high cost (Donkers 2020; d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020). This technology operates at temperatures between 60°C and 80°C and a pressure up to 30 bars (d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020; Nicita et al. 2020). Compared to AE, PEME has a higher degradation rate, which affects its lifespan (d’Amore-Domenech, Santiago, and Leo 2020).