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Fundamentals of Water Electrolysis
Published in Lei Zhang, Hongbin Zhao, David P. Wilkinson, Xueliang Sun, Jiujun Zhang, Electrochemical Water Electrolysis, 2020
Xiaoxia Yan, Rida Javed, Yanmei Gong, Daixin Ye, Hongbin Zhao
In order to have the continuous oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, the minimum theoretical voltage required for the electrolysis of water under standard conditions is 1.23 V. In practice, however, in order to keep the reaction at a more appropriate rate, it is required that the voltage is usually higher than 1.23 V (the cell pressure of commercial electrolysis cells is 1.8–2.0 V, far higher than the theoretical value of 1.23 V120). In order to promote the energy-saving and efficient water decomposition reaction, the design and preparation of highly active OER catalysts and HER catalysts is the most critical issue to reduce the overpotential of the reactions. However, in view of different reaction mechanisms, it is of great significance to explore the decisive factors controlling the reaction rate for the product engineering design of high performance catalytic materials.
Electrocatalysis and Photocatalysis
Published in Ramendra Sundar Dey, Taniya Purkait, Navpreet Kamboj, Manisha Das, Carbonaceous Materials and Future Energy, 2019
Ramendra Sundar Dey, Taniya Purkait, Navpreet Kamboj, Manisha Das
Electrolysis of water is a chemical method to split water into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) with the help of electricity. In 1789, this phenomenon was first observed by Nicholson and Carlisle and from then to the twentieth century more than 400 industrial water electrolysis units were in action; in 1939, a water electrolysis plant with a volume of 10,000 N m3 h−1 H2 became operable. From the journey of the Nicholson and Carlisle water electrolyser to the development of proton exchange membranes, the water-splitting phenomenon has gone through several architectures and mechanisms.
Applications and Wind Industry
Published in Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher, Wind Energy, 2018
Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher
Wind–hydrogen systems are similar to wind–diesel devices if hydrogen is used to power a genset. An added advantage is that fuel does not have to be transported to remote locations. The hydrogen can also be used as a fuel for heating and cooking. In 2009, wind–hydrogen capability [56] was added to the Ramea project. The system consists of 300-kW wind and a 250-kW hydrogen genset. Hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water. Seven projects using wind for hydrogen production, including Ramea, were discussed at a workshop [46]. In a pilot project on the island of Utsira in Norway [57], ten households receive power from two 600-kW wind turbines, a 5-kWh flywheel storage system, an electrolyzer with a peak load of 48 kW, and a 55 kW engine.
Optimal power generation and consumption management using photovoltaic and fuel-cell in China
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
The power system designed in this paper includes PEMFC and electrolysation unit containing an electrolyte, an anode, and a cathode. The electrolysis of water is carried out in the electrolysation unit via the excessive electricity produced in the system which can divide the water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The anode divides the water to protons and oxygen, then the protons are merged in the cathode to form the protons and the extrinsic electricity. In the proton exchange membrane, the protons move from anode to cathode through the exchange membrane. The energy that is transmitted to the hydrogen tank from the electrolysation unit is indicated in Equation (5). In this equation, is the power transmitted to hydrogen tank from the electrolysation unit (kW), is the surplus power transmitted from PV to the electrolysation unit, and the is the electrolysation unit’s efficiency. Also, we have: In these equations, the efficiency of the electrolysation unit should be at 85%. The energy saved in the hydrogen tank () in time step of is assessed based on the equation Equation (7): We also have: In this equation and are the minimum and maximum stored energy in hydrogen tanks (kW), consequently.
Effect of hydroxy gas enrichment on vibration, noise and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel and diesel fuel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
The greatest advantage of hydroxy gas is it can be obtained directly from water by electrolysis method. By electrolysis of water, molecules are separated into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) molecules and colorless and odorless hydroxy gas is obtained. HHO can be utilized as alternative fuel in internal combustion engines with this form. With the utilization of HHO gas, the difficulties in hydrogen storage are largely eliminated since the required amount of HHO can be obtained from continuously HHO generating devices by integrating them to internal combustion engines (Uludamar et al. 2017).
Ultralow Pt0 loading on MIL-88A(Fe) derived polyoxometalate-Fe3O4@C micro-rods with highly-efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Ming-Liang Wang, Di Yin, Yun-Dong Cao, Guang-Gang Gao, Tao Pang, Lulu Ma, Hong Liu
Hydrogen is promising clean energy fuel with the highest energy density among renewable energy systems. Electrolysis of water is an effective and sustainable method for mass production of hydrogen [1]. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a half-reaction in the process of electrochemical water splitting, which requires an efficient and stable electrocatalyst to reduce the overpotential. Recent studies have shown that noble-metal catalysts, especially platinum(0)-based materials, usually exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to their high exchange current density and minimal overpotential [2]. However, the high cost and scarcity of noble metals have hindered their further industrial applications. Therefore, it is significant to improve the efficiency of noble metals, which mainly depends on the appropriate design of the catalyst [3]. Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have large surface area and good conductivity, usually showing excellent catalytic activity [4, 5]. However, in the process of catalysis, increase of surface energy often leads to serious aggregation, which leads to decrease or passivation of catalytic activity. The general solution is to increase the content of Pt NPs, which usually results in a large waste of Pt and high cost [6]. Consequently, Pt NPs anchored on the surface of stable materials with large specific surfaces areas can reduce the aggregation of Pt NPs and control the nucleation and growth of Pt NPs at fixed active sites [7, 8]. Synergistic effect of multiple components can significantly improve the electrocatalytic performance of composite materials [9–12] by optimizing the electronic structure and accelerating electron transfer between components [13–15]. Loading Pt NPs on the surface of some stable materials with large specific surfaces and certain catalytic activities to form multi-component composites may be an effective strategy to further improve the utilization ratio and stability of Pt NPs catalysis.