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Genetic Regulation of Principal Microorganisms (Yeast, Zymomonas mobilis, and Clostridium thermocellum) Producing Bioethanol/Biofuel
Published in Ayerim Y. Hernández Almanza, Nagamani Balagurusamy, Héctor Ruiz Leza, Cristóbal N. Aguilar, Bioethanol, 2023
Dania Sandoval-Nuñez, Teresa Romero-Gutiérrez, Melchor Arellano-Plaza, Anne Gschaedler, Lorena Amaya-Delgado
Gene regulation is a cellular process consisting of activating or deactivating genes, which can occur at any point in the transcription-translation process. Gene regulation occurs most frequently at the transcriptional level. The regulation of gene expression in yeast can take place in different stages (Figure 4.1). In the nucleus, the chromatin remodeling process regulates the availability of a gene for transcription. Once transcribed, the primary mRNA transcript, or pre-mRNA, undergoes RNA processing, which involves splicing and adding a 5’ cap and 3’ poly (A) tail to produce a mature mRNA in the nucleus. Mature mRNA is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where its lifespan varies. Outside the nucleus, localization factors can direct mature mRNAs to specific regions of the cytoplasm where they are translated into polypeptides. The resulting polypeptides can undergo posttranslational modifications, which can regulate protein folding, glycosylation, intracellular transport, and protein activation and degradation.
Structures
Published in Thomas M. Nordlund, Peter M. Hoffmann, Quantitative Understanding of Biosystems, 2019
Thomas M. Nordlund, Peter M. Hoffmann
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is single stranded and carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories in the cell. Every three nucleotides (a codon) correspond to one amino acid, as we noted earlier. In eukaryotic cells, a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) is first transcribed from DNA in the cell nucleus and is processed to mature mRNA by removal of introns—noncoding sections of the pre-mRNA. The mRNA is then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes, large complexes of RNA and protein (Chapter 6), and translated into its corresponding protein form with the help of tRNA. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and cytoplasm compartments and mRNA will bind to the ribosome while it is being transcribed from DNA.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
pre-mRNA (Precursor mRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Pre-mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the cell nucleus by transcription. Pre-mRNA comprises the bulk of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). The term hnRNA is often used as a synonym for pre-mRNA. In the strict sense, hnRNA may include nuclear RNA transcripts that do not end up as cytoplasmic mRNA. Once pre-mRNA has been completely processed, it is termed “mature messenger RNA,” “mature mRNA,” or simply “mRNA.”
Re-Analysis of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Drug Resistance Microarray Datasets with Machine Learning
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2023
Çiğdem Erol, Tchare Adnaane Bawa, Yalçın Özkan
All genes obtained as a result of the analyzes and their distribution according to frequencies are shared in the findings section (Tables 2 and 3). It is thought that genes with high frequency in the same data set should also be considered as potential candidates. As a result; ELOVL7, HMGA2, SAT1, RRM1, IER3, SLC7A11, and U2AF1 genes were found in at least 2 different datasets. Pathways for 7 genes obtained as a result of our research and their links are given in parentheses; ELOVL7 (Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs), HMGA2 (Formation of Senescence-Associated Heterochromatin Foci), SAT1 (Interconversion of polyamines, Arginine and Proline metabolism), RRM1 (Glutathione metabolism, Pyrimidine metabolism, Purine metabolism, Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome-3), IER3 (PI5P, PP2A, and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling, Gastrin_CCK2R_240212), SLC7A11 (Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane, Basigin interactions, Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides), U2AF1 (Transport of Mature mRNA derived from an Intron-Containing Transcript, pre-mRNA splicing, RNA Polymerase II Transcription Termination, mRNA 3′-end processing).