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Simulated Planning of Electric Power Systems
Published in B K Bala, Energy Systems Modeling and Policy Analysis, 2022
In a liberalized electricity market, the elasticity of price of demand is high (0.20–0.80), and demand for electricity mainly depends on the price of electricity and the elasticity of price of demand, while the supply of electricity depends on profitability and capacity factor (Vogstad, 2004). However, in developing countries, the demand component mainly accounts for the cause–effect relationships of electric energy demands for residential, industrial, agricultural and other uses that are dependent upon GDP since the price elasticity of electric energy demand is low (-.10). Electric energy supply is an energy mix of fossil fuel and renewable energy-based electricity supply, and it depends on forecasted capacity based on the energy policy to meet the projected energy demand with the gradual transition to renewable energy sources set by the government since the electric power system is owned by the government in developing countries (Khanna and Rao, 2009). The supply component shows the cause–effect relationships of the initiation based on forecasted power, construction and operation of electric power plants to supply electricity to meet electric demands. Each of the power plants passes through a similar process of initiation, construction, operation and retirement since these power plants are designed to meet the increasing demands of electricity with the gradual transition to renewable energy resources to ensure energy security and reduce the contributions to global warming. The price component shows the causal loop diagram of price-setting influenced by demand–supply balance and production cost.
Introduction
Published in Jin Zhong, Power System Economic and Market Operations, 2018
Electric power is generated by different types of generators. According to fuel types, conventional power plants could be categorized as coal-fired power plant, oil-fired power plant, gas turbines, nuclear power plant, and hydro power station. With today’s emphasis on energy and environmental considerations, renewable energy, such as wind power-, solar-, and geothermal-based generations, is increasing significantly. For different types of generators, generation costs are different due to fuel prices and generation technologies. Every generating unit has its unique generation cost characteristics. In a power system, the total available generation capacity is bigger than the total demand for almost anytime. To supply a given amount of electricity demand, there are more than one options/combinations of generating units for the system operator to dispatch the generators. The total generation cost differs for different combinations of generating units and outputs. It would be more economical to find the option/combination with lower cost to supply the electricity demand. This is the basic principle of power system economic operation. Power network constraints also need to be considered for economic operation.
Air Quality (Outdoor [Ambient] and Indoor)
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
Electric power plants primarily use fossil fuels which are burned in a boiler to produce steam to turn the blades of the steam turbine that turns the shaft of the generator to produce electricity. In a nuclear power plant, the heat produced in the reactor is used to make steam. In a gas turbine, the combustion of the natural gas and distillate oil under high pressure produces hot gases, which spins the generator to produce electricity. In a combined cycle turbine, hot gases which have been used to spin one turbine generator go to a waste heat recovery system boiler where the water is heated again to produce steam and produces electricity. All of this uses one input of fuel to gain greater efficiency of production of electricity. In a hydroelectric generating system, the falling water or natural river current drives the turbine blades to cause the generator to produce electricity. Geothermal power uses the heat energy buried in the earth. Solar power uses the energy from the light and heat of the sun with photovoltaic conversion to generate electricity. The energy in wind power is converted to electricity.
The effect of positive reinforcement of behavioral-based safety on safety participation in Philippine coal-fired power plant workers: a partial least squares structural equation modeling approach
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Arving A. Abella, Yogi Tri Prasetyo, Michael Nayat Young, Reny Nadlifatin, Satria Fadil Persada, Anak Agung Ngurah Perwira Redi, Thanatorn Chuenyindee
Despite the significant contributions, we would like toacknowledge several limitations in the current study. First, our study was limited to coal-fired power plants. There are many types of power plants such as nuclear power plants, solar power plants and even hydroplants. The derived model in this study might lead to different models which subsequently lead to different programs for enhancing the BBS. Future research to compare the BBS in different power plants would be a very promising topic. Second, the SI must be given deeper study in future research by providing different sets of an indicator as either individual or group-based incentives. It was predicted to be one of the significant factors that led to SPT; however, this hypothesis was rejected. One indicator that might lead to this insignificant path was SI1 ‘the reward is sufficiently attractive’. Future research that mainly focuses on the amount that can be acceptable for the workers might also be a promising area.
The Guangdong Emissions Trading Scheme
Published in Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, 2019
Yuejun Luo, Wenjun Wang, Xueyan Li, Daiqing Zhao
For the GD ETS, the emissions from both power generation and consumption are covered in Scenario 3 (see Figure 1). This scenario uses the “double counting” principle. It offers regulation at both the source of production and point of consumption, alleviating pollution transfer. For electric generation, the power plants must improve generator efficiency or transfer to cleaner fuels to reduce emissions. For electric consumption, enterprises such as cement, steel or construction companies must adopt advanced technology to decrease the electricity used. With more emissions counted, more allowances are needed, which may incentivize the carbon market to a greater extent. The double accounting of emissions can be alleviated by baselining. Many enterprises are experienced with measuring and controlling electricity consumption to meet energy-saving targets. Using historical energy consumption data, the emissions accounting and allowance allocations can be calculated by the enterprises in the GD ETS, rather than by specific installations as in the EU ETS.
Developing a conceptual model for the environmental management of power plant wastes
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018
Reza Samadi, Jafar Nouri, Abdul Reza Karbassi, Reza Arjomandi
Electricity could be generated in a power plant based on the combustion of fossil fuels, which converts chemical energy into heat and then uses heat to turn turbines and generators. From an environmental viewpoint, the type of fuel as well as the method of electricity generation has considerable importance (Shafipour and Farsiabi, 2007). In Iran, about 90% of the total electricity (263 billion kWh in 2013) is supplied through a variety of thermal power plants (steam, gas, and combined-cycle). The combustion of fossil fuels in power plants in order to generate electricity has led to the emission of air, water, soil, and even sound pollutants to the environment, which has attracted the attention of ecologists, the energy sector, and even the public. The subject receiving less attention is solid and semisolid wastes that are produced directly or indirectly as a result of combustion, water supply systems, and wastewater treatment in power plants. The quality and quantity of solid waste depend on different factors, including the type of power plant and the type of fuel consumed.