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Summary
Published in Satyendra Mishra, Dharmesh Hansora, Graphene Nanomaterials, 2017
Satyendra Mishra, Dharmesh Hansora
Graphene/polymer composites have shown improved thermal, mechanical and gas barrier properties. The potential applications of graphene, its derivatives, related NMs and graphene/polymer nanocomposites include the development of sensors, transparent flexible electrodes, energy storage, and organic electronics and mechanical parts. The higher charge mobility of RGO, compared to semiconducting conjugated polymers and amorphous silicon, enlightens the path for its electronic applications. The main hurdles in any device fabrication in which defects at atomic level and folding, wrinkling and overlapping at macro-scale of RGO are used require continuous research. A single-layer graphene sheet on suitable substrate can be viewed under an optical microscope, depending upon the substrate thickness and incident light wavelength. A pristine graphene should be researched by a simple detection method that is independent of support material. A high-resolution TEM micrograph can interpret the doping level and also reveal the defect structures in graphene quantum dots at atomic resolutions.
Carbon-based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Sensing Applications
Published in Paweł K. Zarzycki, Pure and Functionalized Carbon Based Nanomaterials, 2020
Elochukwu Stephen Agudosi, Ezzat Chan Abdullah, Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak, Mohammad Khalid
The synthesis methods for graphene include exfoliation (Niyogi et al. 2006, Novoselov et al. 2012, Li et al. 2008), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) (Reina and Kong 2012, Wu et al. 2015, Kataria et al. 2014), thermal decomposition-epitaxial growth on electrically insulated surfaces (Wu et al. 2009, Juang et al. 2009), unzipping of carbon nanotubes-CNTs (Cano-Márquez et al. 2009), chemical-based techniques (Horiuchi et al. 2004), Hummer’s method (Zaaba et al. 2017), arc-discharge method (Antisari et al. 2010), and laser ablation (Pulsed laser deposition) (Yang and Hao 2016). The techno-economic viability of these synthesis routes enables scientists to determine the most viable synthesis routes for the commercial production of graphene in term of cost, suitability, and sustainability. So many potential applications of graphene have been recorded, which include single molecule detection (e.g., hydrogen storage), transparent conducting electrodes, composites, transistors, sensors, solar cells, photo-detectors, and energy storage devices (supercapacitors and Lithium-ion batteries) (Lee et al. 2008). Future electronics, semiconductor and composite industries have continued to see graphene as a breakthrough in the quest for new materials for nanoelectronics devices. It has also been recorded that when graphene is used as filler with the insulating polymer matrix, it enhances the electrical conductivity of the composites. Excellent properties of graphene include electrical, mechanical, anomalous quantum Hall effect, thermal, and optical strengths. Graphene-based nanoparticles (NPs) have unique electric transport and structural properties, including high carrier mobility and saturation velocities, excellent thinness, chemical inertness, high mechanical strength, high current carrying capacity, and high thermal/electrical conductivity. Huge research interest in graphene and graphene-based NPs has continued globally.
Graphene from Sugar and Sugarcane Extract
Published in Amir Al-Ahmed, Inamuddin, Graphene from Natural Sources, 2023
Akanksha R. Urade, Rita Joshi, K.S. Suresh, Indranil Lahiri
One of the potential applications of graphene is in energy conversion devices (Çıplak 2018). To prosper a futuristic energy device, an active electrode material with high capacity is indispensable. Graphene is transpiring as a distinctive morphology of carbon materials with capability for electrochemical energy storage device applications to sensors, drug delivery, biomedical applications, batteries, etc.
Hexa ↔ tetra silicene crystal–crystal phase transition
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2020
Vo Van Hoang, Nguyen Hoang Giang, Vladimir Bubanja
Hexa-silicene, a monatomic sheet of silicon atoms, shares many of the outstanding properties of graphene, and has the great potential for applications due to the compatibility with current silicon-based nanoelectronics. Early considerations of silicon aromatic compounds, based on the total energy calculations within the local-density functional approach, predicted the corrugation of infinite 2D silicon lattice [1]. Similar conclusions resulted from the density functional theory calculations, which demonstrated a stable honeycomb structure of Si with buckling of 0.44 Å and a bond length of 2.25 Å [2]. Calculations of the phonon modes showed that the flat silicene is metastable [2]. The buckled form has lower energy by 30 meV/atom and has a lower binding energy by 0.6 eV/atom than the bulk Si [3]. As in the case of graphene, the tight-binding Hamiltonian approach showed the presence of Dirac cones [4]. Similar results were obtained by ab initio calculations [3], and were experimentally confirmed with silicene on Ag(111) [5]. Layered Si crystals composed of 2D sheets, held together by van der Waals forces, are not known to exist. Therefore, mechanical exfoliation that has been employed in the case of graphene is unlikely to be developed for silicene. Instead, chemical exfoliation of calcium disilicide was used to produce functionalised silicene (see [6–9] and references therein). Molecular beam epitaxy under ultra-high vacuum was successfully employed to deposit silicene on silver substrates [10–12]. While the growth of silicene has also been reported on ZrB2, Ir, ZrC and MoS2, silver seems to be an ideal substrate due to the compatibility of its crystal structure and lattice commensuration with the freestanding form of silicene. On the other hand, there are still several unresolved issues related to growth conditions that result in a variety of silicene superstructures formed in the deposition process [13,14], as well as difficulties in the interpretation of the band structure near the Dirac point due to the hybridisation between the Si and Ag electronic states (see [10,15] and references therein). Given the similarity with graphene, many of the same fundamental properties and potential applications of graphene have been considered for silicene. Among others, these included quantum spin Hall effect [16], quantum anomalous Hall effect [17], valleytronics [18], spintronics [19], superconductivity [20,21], band gap engineering [22], field effect transistor (FET) [23,24], topological insulator FET [25], thermoelectric effects [26], gas sensing [27], energy storage [28], thermal conductivity [29], as well as structure and electronic properties of the double Si layer [30] or freezing transition from liquid Si to quasi-2D bilayer Si in a slit nanopore [31].