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Graphene and Graphene Nanomesh-Based Platforms for Sensing, Transparent Electrodes, and Catalysis Templates
Published in Olga E. Glukhova, 2D and 3D Graphene Nanocomposites, 2019
Biosensors are considered a key medical technology, aiming at the identification of chemical or biological compounds that provide diagnostic and patient monitoring solutions for increasing the efficiency of the healthcare system. The key element of a typical biosensor is the transducer, which converts a biological interaction into measurable signals; according to the type of the transducer, the signal can be optical, electrical, mechanical, or electrochemical. The huge growth in the biosensor market drives the development of new transducers that are sensitive, fast, specific, and stable, can perform in real time, and are based on inexpensive materials. In recent decades, there has been much progress in transducer technologies; one of the most successful and efficient biosensor techniques is based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR utilizes the phenomenon that incident light of a specific wavelength can be absorbed in a thin metal layer (typically gold or silver) to generate surface electron waves [5, 27, 45, 79, 80]. When a biomolecule binds to the functionalized metal surface, it can be detected by observing the change in the propagation of the surface electron waves. Moreover, combining the SPR with fluorescence spectroscopy, or designing other SPR configurations, led to remarkable enhancement in the sensitivity [14, 37, 46, 54, 55, 68, 98].
Biosensors for Food Component Analysis
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
Praveena Bhatt, Monali Mukherjee, Uchangi Satyaprasad Akshath
Biosensors find wide application in various fields, such as food and agriculture, food processing, environment, medicine, therapeutics, diagnostics, etc. Biosensor development is a multi- and interdisciplinary field that is currently one of the most active areas of research in analytical chemistry. The reason for this is that biosensors typically eliminate the need for sample preparation, unlike conventional analytical techniques that require elaborate sample preparation steps and skilled manpower for analysis. The performance of biosensors when evaluated based on selectivity, sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), linear and dynamic ranges, reproducibility or precision of the response, and response in varied matrices also superior (Kissinger, 2005). Other parameters that are often compared include the sensor’s response time, operational and storage stability, ease of use, portability, etc.
One-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Sensor Applications
Published in Zainovia Lockman, 1-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures, 2018
Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa, Bharat R. Pant
The biosensor is a device that can be used to detect biomolecules such as protein, enzymes, body chemicals and antibodies by converting their presence or activities into an electrical signal (Kumar et al., 2011). Figure 7.2 shows the schematic of the working principle of a biosensor. A biosensor usually consists of a sensing part and transducer part. The sensing part detects the target materials and the transducer submits the information to the output system. The analytes or body chemicals are bound to the active surface of the sensor, and the output signal is received in the form of change in capacitance, conductance, current, or voltage of the active surface (Kolmakov and Moskovits, 2004). The biosensors are used to examine the function of body materials or organs as well as for the detection of diseases in human or animals. People have been using complex, expensive and time-consuming equipment and processes for the detection of a disease-causing agent such as a virus. The invention of metal oxide biosensors promises the development of low-cost, fast and hassle-free detection of diseases or pathogens (Guo et al., 2013).
Design and Analysis of Junctionless Based Symmetric Nanogap-Embedded TFET Biosensor
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
To reflect the requirement of high sensitivity biosensors in domain of therapeutic significance and disease diagnostics, different sorts of biological sensors have been made with the use of nanomaterials. A biosensor is an analytical device that transforms a biological outcome into an electrical signal and which is then used to provide rapid detection of a biomolecule. The biosensors are being used in different applications such as health care [1] for measurement of metabolites, diabetes, insulin therapy, etc., and also for various veterinary and agricultural applications, crime detection [2], and environmental field monitoring [3]. The principal biosensor was invented by Befgveld in 1970 i.e. ion sensitive FET (ISFET) [4]. The device showed great execution with charged biomolecules however bad execution for neutral biomolecule and was observed to be inconsistent with the CMOS process [5], thus dielectric modulated field effect transistor (DM-FET) biosensor was introduced which is observed to give better performance for both neutral and charged biomolecules [6]. However, scaling of DM-FET leads to various limitations such as high cost, large biomolecule detection time, high power dissipation, minimum Ion/ Ioff, scaling of threshold voltage w.r.t. power supply, bad structural strength, poor binding capability in nanogap i.e. cavity region [7], which in turn limits the use of the sensor.
A review on synthesis and applications of versatile nanomaterials
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
G. N. Kokila, C. Mallikarjunaswamy, V. Lakshmi Ranganatha
Biosensors can detect and give quantitative information of biological analyte materials like microorganisms and any biologically originated molecules. Biosensor contains sensing material; if required a transducer and a catalyst may be used.[270] Biosensor’s capacity to respond rapidly and continuously required property to detect the biomolecules. The biosensor has many applications like the study of biomolecule and their mechanism, detection of soil borne and waterborne pathogens, microorganisms present in the food for their quality check, drug development, diagnostic and physiological monitoring, environmental monitoring, and crime detection. However, biosensors usually have a low detection limit and require high detection time, low sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity. Biosensors are sometimes problematic in detecting particular analytes because many other labile species are also detected along with an analyte of interest when the analyte is present in low concentration or in the mixture of interfering unknown mass of matrix. Hence, the nanoparticle-based biosensors emerge to give a fast response, continuous analysis, and sensitivity and selectivity.
Microbial fuel cells: a sustainable solution for bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Har Mohan Singh, Atin K. Pathak, Kapil Chopra, V.V. Tyagi, Sanjeev Anand, Richa Kothari
A biosensor is an analytical device used for the detection of analytes by combining a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Dengbin et al. [173] designed a self-powered MFC-based biosensor for the detection of heavy metal toxicity levels in wastewater. The experimental setup was optimized for six heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Hg2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+) which were tested at 2 mg L−1 concentration. The results revealed that inhibition ratios of 12.56, 13.99, 8.81, 9.29, 5.59 and 1.95% were obtained for the different heavy metals. This shows that MFCs can also be utilized as biosensors. In this respect Santoro et al. [17] in their review described the different approaches to using MFCs as biosensors.