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Types of Energy Devices and Working Principles
Published in Ram K. Gupta, 2D Nanomaterials, 2022
Yuyan Wang, Yang Liu, Linrui Hou, Changzhou Yuan
Alkali metal ion battery mainly includes lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion battery, and potassium ion battery. Compared with the traditional commercial batteries, such as lead-acid, metal hydride, and alkaline batteries, LIBs have the advantages of long cycle life, high charge–discharge voltage and energy density, and have been widely employed in portable electronic products, electric vehicles, and large energy storage power stations [32,33]. However, the uneven distribution and limited lithium resources have restricted the future application of lithium-ion battery technology. The content of sodium (2.74wt %) and potassium (2.09wt %) in nature is much higher than that of lithium (0.0017wt %), which reduces the production cost to a certain extent. Moreover, the standard potential of sodium (−2.71V vs. SHE) and potassium (−2.93V vs. SHE) is not very different from that of lithium (−3.04V vs. SHE), ensuring the high specific energy of sodium ion and potassium ion batteries [31]. Therefore, the concept of sodium ion battery and potassium ion battery has been put forward and studied as a potential substitute for lithium ion battery.
Preparation of β-FeOOH by ultrasound assisted precipitation route for aqueous supercapacitor applications
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
S. Pavithra, S. P. Keerthana, R. Yuvakumar, P. Senthil Kumar, S. Rajesh, B. Vidhya, A. Sakunthala
Today we are in need of highly efficient energy devices which should be safer and environmentally friendly in nature. Aqueous electrolyte supercapacitors are gaining high interest for its inherent safety, which cannot be expected from the non-aqueous based supercapacitors. Finding new nontoxic materials and preparing the new or existing nontoxic materials in an easy to scalable process without the use of any toxic chemicals is to be taken care for the pollution free environment. In this regard, we propose a simple method of preparation of β-FeOOH for aqueous electrolyte supercapacitors. Iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) exists in three major polymorphs which include goethite (α-FeOOH), akaganéite (β-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) and their formation depends on preparation conditions.[1] Among the above, β-FeOOH has been intensively studied for energy devices like lithium ion battery, chloride ion battery and potassium ion battery due to its crystal structure that has tunnel like cavities[2–4] for the good diffusion of ions. The β-FeOOH has also applications in the waste water treatment for the removal of toxic effluents from water bodies.[5] Recent report on β-FeOOH loaded PET fabric for wastewater treatment withstood for thousand cycles[6] and this shows the demand for mass production of β-FeOOH particles. The material under study has other wide applications not limited to water splitting, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, etc. Very scarce reports were seen on the β-FeOOH as a supercapacitor material[7–8] and its mechanism of working is not well explored. The effect of introducing halogens in the structure of β-FeOOH was studied by Zhang et al.[8] and also by Chen et al.[9] for aqueous supercapacitors. Though the aqueous supercapacitors made with other metal ion hydroxides like nickel hydroxides and cobalt hydroxides are found to be very promising, the raw materials for the above are less abundant in nature and are toxic. Chowdhury M et al.[10] reported on the preparation of 1 D β-FeOOH nanorods using water/alcohol mixture, were the particle phase was very much affected by the reaction temperature and pH. Cong Lyu et al.[11] has used the water/ethanol mixture for the preparation of spindle shaped β-FeOOH nanorods. Sheng et al.[12] has made a large scale preparation of β-FeOOH nanospindles for direct coal liquefaction using autoclave reactor.