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Tests on Naturally Voided Body Fluids
Published in Robert B. Northrop, Non-Invasive Instrumentation and Measurement in Medical Diagnosis, 2017
Also of diagnostic interest is the relatively rare family of diseases called porphyrias. Any hereditary deficiency in the biosynthesis of one (or more) of the enzymes involved in heme synthesis causes a porphyria disease in which several metabolic precursors to heme are over-produced (e.g., porphyrins, porphobilinogen [PBG], and δ-aminolevulinic acid [ALA]). There are three major categories of porphyria: acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), and erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) (Merk 2000). The latter two porphyrias affect the skin causing rashes, blistering, and lesions. AIP is the result of low levels of the enzyme, PGB deaminase. AIP does not affect the skin, but rather the central and peripheral nervous systems, causing acute abdominal and organ pain. Tachycardia, muscle weakness, damage to motor and cranial nerves, tremors, seizures, and psychiatric symptoms can occur in individuals with severe AIP.
Evaluation of environmental effects of heavy metals on biochemical profile and oxidative stress among children at brick kiln sites
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2021
Mehwish David, Naheed Turi, Qurat-ul Ain, Humaira Rahman, Sarwat Jahan
Kamal et al. (2015) have shown in their respective study, that exposure to brick kiln emitted PAH affect the hematological parameters in blood such as serum c-reactive proteins (CRP), WBCs, Hb, RBC, and PLT counts.27 The present study reported similar results, where we observed that children living at brick kiln sites experience decreased concentrations of RBCs and Hb level in blood due to exposure to heavy metals. The current findings are in accordance with the previous work of Jahan et al.9 where decrease in RBCs number and Hb was evident among brick kiln male workers, whose blood was found to contain higher concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni).9 Heavy metals are known to inhibit heme and hemoglobin production by decreasing the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), which is a cytosolic sulfhydryl enzyme that convert ALA into porphobilinogen.28 Higher concentration of ALA and decrease in prophobilinogen levels causes generation of reactive oxygen species, which disrupt RBCs morphology and survival.28 The levels of MCH, MCHC, HCT and Hb were slightly decreased in present study that might be due to oxidative stress caused by metals, leading to alteration in RBCs morphology and ultimately, decreasing level of Hb as previously suggested by Zhao et al.29
Environmental exposure to lead and hematological parameters in Afro-Brazilian children living near artisanal glazed pottery workshops
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Homegnon A. F. Bah, Matheus J. Bandeira, Erival A. Gomes-Junior, Ana Laura S. Anjos, Ynayara J. M. Rodrigues, Nathália R. dos Santos, Victor O. Martinez, Rômula B. M. A. Rocha, Renata G. Costa, Elisângela V. Adorno, José A. Menezes-Filho
Blood lead (PbB) level analysis indicates recent exposure and is considered a gold standard for the evaluation of human exposure, despite the fact of being an invasive approach. In addition, blood offers the possibility to evaluate the hematological effects by assessing the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) enzyme activity and its reactivation index (ALAD-RE).[10] ALA-D is a metallo-enzyme involved in the heme biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the condensation of two δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) molecules for porphobilinogen (PBG) formation. Reagents such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or zinc chloride (ZnCl2) cancel the inhibition of ALAD produced by Pb, allowing ALAD reactivation and the evaluation of Pb toxicity to the red blood cells.[10,11]
2-Hydroxymelatonin induced nutritional orchestration in Cucumis sativus under cadmium toxicity: modulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants and gene expression
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Anis Ali Shah, Shakil Ahmed, Nasim Ahmad Yasin
Chlorophyll is a crucial cellular component involved in synthesis photosynthate, thus maintains metabolic homeostasis in plants. Heavy metal toxicity halts the process of photosynthate formation due to interruption in photosynthetic e−1 transport process (Paunov et al. 2018). Heavy metal toxicity enhanced chlorophyllase activity and reduced nutrient uptake in plants (Bhattacharjee and Mukherjee 2003). Cadmium decreases the activity of enzymes involved in synthesis of chlorophyll structure i.e. aminolevulinic dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase and protochlorophyllide reductase (Noriega et al. 2007). Moreover, Cd degrades chlorophyll structure by replacing Mg2+. During the current research, 2OHMT improved chlorophyll content by enhancing the uptake of Mg2+ from rhizosphere.