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Organization Safety Procedures
Published in Dhananjoy Ghosh, Safety in Petroleum Industries, 2021
Pool fire is a common type of fire, which can occur from an open roof tank or on tank roof rupture by corrosion/explosion or from a pool of open storage of inflammable liquid, say, open trench. It has been observed that characteristics of a pool fire depend on the pool diameter. There are various empirical models proposed by different authors, but The Netherland Organization for applied scientific research (TNO) introduced a model for estimation of radiating flux from a pool fire which seems to be more realistic for application in petroleum refineries; the model is commonly called as TNO model (1 & 2). Basically, the heat flux model they have proposed is a derivative of Stiffen Boltzmann equation as given by equation 4 as follows: H=ςef(T4−t4) where H is the heat flux of radiation from flame, ς is emissivity of gray body radiation, ef is Stiffen-Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature of flame and t is temperature of receiving surface, say, ambience.
Risk Assesment
Published in Srinivasan Chandrasekaran, Offshore Structural Engineering, 2017
A pool fire occurs when flammable liquid spillage forms a pool over a liquid or solid surface and gets ignited. Early pool fire is caused when the steady state is reached between the outflow of flammable material from the container and complete combustion of the flammable material when the ignition source is available. Late pool fires are associated with the difference between the release of material and the complete combustion of the material simultaneously. Late pool fires are common when large quantity of flammable material is released within a short time.
Fuzzy Bayesian estimation and consequence modeling of the domino effects of methanol storage tanks
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Mostafa Pouyakian, Fereydoon Laal, Mohammad Javad Jafari, Farshad Nourai, Sohag Kabir
Pool fire is one of the most common process accidents. When a flammable liquid is spilled on the ground, pool fire occurs [17]. This type of fire is an asymmetric diffuse flame that is created by the combustion of evaporated materials from the liquid surface [18]. Pool fire plays a very effective role in the occurrence of domino events. Especially in an area of oil tanks, pool fire can destroy the entire complex. According to statistics, the main cause of 80% of chain accidents with fire origin was pool fire. A well-known example of a chain fire is the Buncefield accident in England in 2005 [5,19].
Experimental Research on the Effectiveness of Different Types of Foam of Extinguishing Methanol / Diesel Pool Fires
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Zhaoqian Li, Hongqing Zhu, Jinlong Zhao, Yilong Zhang, Lintao Hu
The video imaging process observed that the flame enhancement occurred in the beginning of foam discharged, and the upper part of the flame showed a wide range of high-temperature areas. Figure 10 shows that there is also an obvious peak in temperature at the beginning of the foam spraying, further confirming that the co-boiling phenomenon in the initial stage of the firefighting process. The reason is that when the foam touches the surface of the burning oil, the evaporation of the fuel increases with the total vapor pressure at the surface of the liquid, resulting in a large accumulation of combustible gases in the middle of the flame. At the same time, the co-boiling phenomenon and the large amount of water vapor generated by the sprayed foam disrupt the equilibrium of the flame combustion, while enhancing the air entrainment effect on the surrounding air, making the contact area between the combustible gas and the air in the middle of the flame larger. Moreover, the air bubbles in the foam release oxygen when they burst under the stronger flame radiation conditions. As a result, combustion efficiency increases, resulting in a high temperature zone in the middle of the flame. As the layer of foam accumulates, the foam gradually develops an effective coverage and begins to spread to the oil surface, while the water in the foam acts on the heat source, which further reduces the combustion area and the flame temperature. With the further discharged of the foam, the foam reduces the evaporation rate of the flammable liquid mainly by covering and cooling effect, isolating the radiation of the flame on the combustion surface, which eventually makes the pool fire extinguished. In the fire extinguishing process, the foam blanket can effectively terminate the combustion and prevent the occurrence of oil re-ignition.