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Introduction
Published in Andrew Hopkins, Sarah Maslen, Risky Rewards, 2019
In order to fully understand the way the incentive system worked to distract attention from major hazards at Texas City, and for that matter in the Gulf of Mexico, we need to develop the distinction between personal and process safety. This distinction was highlighted in all of the reports following the Texas City accident, but was given greatest prominence in the Baker Report, which expressed it as follows: Personal or occupational safety hazards give rise to incidents – such as slips, falls, and vehicle accidents – that primarily affect one individual worker for each occurrence. Process safety hazards give rise to major accidents involving the release of potentially dangerous materials, the release of energy (such as fires and explosions), or both. Process safety incidents can have catastrophic effects and can result in multiple injuries and fatalities, as well as substantial economic, property, and environmental damage. Process safety in a refinery involves the prevention of leaks, spills, equipment malfunctions, over-pressures, excessive temperatures, corrosion, metal fatigue, and other similar conditions.3
Operate Safe Processes
Published in James A. Klein, Bruce K. Vaughen, Process Safety, 2017
James A. Klein, Bruce K. Vaughen
Safe process operation is essential for reducing the process safety risks and for reducing incidents. To help provide training consistency and to help ensure personnel competency, administrative controls are established for everyone working with or supporting the hazardous processes. Because decisions can either directly or indirectly impact one or more phases in the equipment life cycle, it is essential that everyone has the operational discipline and conduct their operations consistently with established protocols. Hence, there are administrative procedures for designing, fabricating, installing, commissioning, operating, maintaining, changing and decommissioning the equipment. For example, engineers have management of change procedures, operators have operating procedures, and maintenance personnel have maintenance procedures. Emergency responders help reduce operational risks using emergency response procedures designed to reduce incident consequences. Other groups, including senior leadership, upper management, occupational health and safety, environmental, security, quality, purchasing, receiving and shipping, must have procedures recognizing the process safety hazards and risks in their day-to-day conduct to support safe operations. The procedures are written for each specific group, documenting the expectations for their conduct of operations—their expected role—for supporting safe operations, and for providing the standard by which personnel competencies can be evaluated.
OSHA’s Process Safety Management Standard
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s, 2015
Process safety management is a system of tools, processes, and procedures that when properly implemented and followed will greatly reduce the potential for accidental release of highly hazardous chemicals. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has regulated the implementation of such programs in their Process Safety Management Standard 29 CFR 1910.119. The primary purpose of the standard is to prevent unwanted releases of hazardous chemicals especially into locations that could expose employees and others to serious hazards. An effective process safety management program requires a systematic approach to evaluating the whole chemical process. Using this approach, the process design, process technology, process changes, operational and maintenance activities and procedures, nonroutine activities and procedures, emergency preparedness plans and procedures, training programs, and other elements that affect the process are all considered in the evaluation.1
The perspective of leadership and management commitment in process safety management
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2023
Aisah Timbang, D. M. Reddy Prasad, Mohammad Hazwan Azri
Leadership teams and management are expected to play a significant role in establishing the organisation’s long-term strategic direction, nurturing a safety culture, making decisions based on safety measures, ensuring resources are available and developing process safety competencies for individual employees.
Thermal equilibrium safety assessment of storage and transportation for 2,2’-Azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) initiator required for polymer resin in construction industries
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
The reaction kinetic model of ABVN was discussed, and the calculation was based on the basic kinetic parameters using the heat balance model to calculate the heat release of a large number of ABVNs in different temperature environments and the corresponding temperature changes. This evaluation mode avoids tedious field experiments and reduces the cost of consumables and enables a small and convenient thermal analysis experiment to be used to obtain the thermal hazard mode of ABVNs. The hazard characteristics can be assessed by a series of thermal hazard parameters, which serve as the basis for process safety evaluation. The main findings are as follows: Based on the basic thermokinetic parameters and hazard analysis derived from the C80 results, attention must be paid to the initial decomposition temperature, activation energy, and reaction enthalpy. These results can be used as a reference to determine the safe operating temperature and to establish related temperature alarm systems.Based on the kinetics and in combination with environmental heat exchange analysis, when more ABVNs accumulate, even at room temperature (25 °C), a runway reaction will still occur, and when the ambient temperature exceeds 55.0 °C, the required heat removal efficiency will increase, and the growth of the reaction rate will shorten the time to reach a runway reaction, which may lead to process hazards if the operation does not immediately respond to temperature changes.Combined with the estimation of the thermal hazard parameters TMRad and TCL and the hazard temperature indicators SADT, CT, and ET, when the temperature exceeds 40 °C, the decomposition reaction of ABVN intensifies, and the increase in the reaction rate causes the decomposition reaction heat to form a runaway reaction within one day. If the process further considers thermal safety during storage, ABVNs should be stored in an environment with good ventilation or even an independent cooling system, to ensure that the temperature remains below room temperature (< 25 °C).