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Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Polyquaternium is the International Nomenclature for Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) designation for several polycationic polymers that are used in the personal care and pharmaceutical industry. Polyquaternium is a generic term used to emphasize the presence of multiple quaternary ammonium centers in the polymer. INCI has approved at least 37 different polymers under the polyquaternium designation. Because of their large size, they are generally thought to be less permeable across the corneal epithelium and, hence, pose less risk of accumulation in ocular tissues leading to chronic toxicity issues. Their mode of action is similar to the monoquaternary compounds in that they also destabilize the outer membrane of bacteria and cause leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death [87].
Polymers as Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Polyquaternium 2 [MIRAPOL A-I 5, Rhone Poulenc (31)] is defined as poly[N-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] N'-[3-(ethyleneoxyethylene dimethylamino) propyl] urea dichloride) (Figure 4). In common with all cationic polymers, polyquaternium 2 may be used in products primarily designed for hair conditioning, such as creme rinses, or in conditioning shampoos. In either case, long-chain anion-active surfactants should be present for complex formation.
Identification of transformation products during Doxylamine chloramination for NDMA mitigation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
B. Coskun, N. Bilgin-Saritas, E. Aydin, E. Pehlivanoglu-Mantas
Although currently there are no studies on the pathways for the chloramination of Doxylamine, several studies focused on the investigation of NDMA formation pathways from model compounds such as ranitidine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, chlorpheniramine, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, benzylamine, dimethylaniline, choline, poly (diallydimethylammonium chloride), polyquaternium-7, polyacrylamide and cocoamidopropyl betaine [40–43]. As suggested for Group 1 compounds of Doxylamine chloramination, hydrolysis was shown to be an important reaction for other NDMA precursors [54, 53]. Hydrolysis of monochloramine provides decomposition of ranitidine and increases the formation of NDMA in water media [32]. Also, hydrolysis of amines might be an important step during formation of NDMA [56]. The presence of non-protonated amines from NDMA precursors are important for NDMA formation and hence lowering the pH may decrease NDMA concentration during chloramination of Ranitidine and Sumatriptan [34]. However, it is important to note that the pH also might shift the speciation of mono vs. dichloramines.