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Advancement in the Fabrication of Composites using Biocompatible Polymers for Biomedical Applications
Published in Atul Babbar, Ranvijay Kumar, Vikas Dhawan, Nishant Ranjan, Ankit Sharma, Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering, 2023
Nishant Ranjan, Sehra Farooq, Harnam Singh Farwaha
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a polyester that is bioabsorbable, biocompatible, and biodegradable (Cama et al., 2017). The ring-opening polymerization of caprolactone with a catalyst (SnO2) and heat produces PCL. PCL is used in medical implants, dental splints, and drug delivery systems. PCL is used in tissue engineering as well (Hajebi et al., 2021). Previous studies used electrospun membranes with various GT/PCL ratios. The results showed that three different membranes with different GT/PCL ratios were biocompatible with chondrocytes. They also showed that having a high PCL content was detrimental to 3D cartilage regeneration (Gunatillake et al., 2003). Their findings suggest that electrospun GT/PCL is a promising candidate for cartilage and other tissue regeneration. Previous studies used electrospun PCL/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bilayer nanofibers mixed with HAp nanoparticles to create a polymer–ceramic bilayer nanocomposite scaffold for bone regeneration. The results showed that nanofibers made of (PVA/PCL/HAp) are biocompatible scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Nanofibers made from PCL combined with other polymers can be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Polycaprolactone has been shown in recent studies to be a biocompatible scaffold for bone and cartilage regeneration (Venugopal et al., 2005).
Degradation Studies of Biodegradable Composites
Published in Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Kishor Kumar, Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications, 2023
Biopolymers which are not made from renewable basic sources may potentially degrade. One such polymer is polycaprolactone (PCL), which is synthesized via ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. In seawater, PCL degrades entirely in just a few weeks (Tsuji and Suzuyoshi, 2002; Rutkowska et al., 2002; Heimowska et al., 2011). The conditions in anaerobic sewage sludge are likewise adequate (Rutkowska et al., 2002); however, the delayed degradation rate of 3-mm-thick tensile test samples is noticeable once again, with less than 5% mass loss after 120 days (Bastioli et al., 1995). PBS (polybutylene succinate) itself is derived from petroleum crude oil, but it will be accessible in the future in a (partially) bio-based form. It degrades in soil, and yet only 11% after 180 days. Degradation occurs at a rate of 28% in the case of films. After 180 days, there has been a 9% reduction in bulk, but the biological cause has yet to be determined. Deterioration via emitted CO2 resulted in a 65% decay (Silvia et al., 2020).
Materials and Their Structures
Published in Manjari Sharma, Biodegradable Polymers, 2021
PCL is an aliphatic polyester that is a well-known biodegradable polymer consists of hydrolyzable backbone of aliphatic polyester structure. The hydrolyzable backbone leads to good biodegradability and the aliphatic structure leads to good mechanical properties. Poly(caprolactone) (PCL) is obtained by the ring-opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone. The structure of PCL is given in Fig. 3.9. The molecular weight of the polymer varies from 2000 to 80,000 daltons. PCL degrades quickly in soil burial, sludge and compost by micro-organisms. The low melting temperature of PCL is an advantage in accelerating degradation in composting environments; in which temperature often reaches 60°C. However, problems arise in applications in which high temperature is experienced that could compromise the mechanical integrity and its performance. Due to their high cost they are used in medical applications. Other uses of PCL include orthopedic casts, adhesive mold release agents, pigment dispersants, coatings and elastomers etc.
The hemostatic effect and wound healing of novel collagen-containing polyester dressing
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Collagen and polyester are two biocompatible and biodegradable materials that have been extensively studied. Collagen is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein and essential component of connective tissues. Polyester, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), has excellent mechanical properties, making it an attractive material for tissue engineering. Collagen-polyester composite materials have been investigated as a promising approach for wound healing and regeneration. A study by Chen et al. (2020) reported that a collagen-PCL scaffold could significantly promote the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and accelerate wound healing in rats [23]. The authors also found that the scaffold enhanced angiogenesis and collagen deposition, indicating improved tissue regeneration. In another study by Xu et al. (2021), a collagen-PCL scaffold loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was evaluated for bone tissue regeneration [24]. The authors demonstrated that the scaffold could induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and promote bone formation in vivo, suggesting its potential use in bone tissue engineering.
A systematic review of biodegradable materials in the textile and apparel industry
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
HuiYing Bao, Yan Hong, Tao Yan, Xiufen Xie, Xianyi Zeng
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a linear polymer made of monomer ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) by ring-opening polymerization under the action of catalyst. It has a regular molecular weight and is easily crystallized. It is a biodegradable semi-crystalline polyester. In terms of performance, the glass transition temperature of PHA is about −60 °C. The melting point is between 59 ∼ 64 °C. The thermal decomposition temperature is about 250 °C. It has low melting point, good flexibility and toughness. It is convenient for processing and molding, and can be injection molding, extrusion, etc. PCL fiber degradation property is good, not only for home composting, but also for seawater degradation environment. It is the most promising bio-polyester at present. It can partially replace PLA for production use.
Enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis by PCL/chitosan/Sr-doped calcium phosphate electrospun nanocomposite membrane for guided bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Huilin Ye, Junjin Zhu, Dan Deng, Shue Jin, Jidong Li, Yi Man
As a convenient and cost-efficient technique, electrospinning has been used extensively to manufacture micro- and nano-scaled fibers [6]. Foremost, electrospun fibers membranes closely mimic the structure and morphology of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) owing to their high specific surface area and porosity [7]. And it is well accepted that ECM plays an important role in guiding cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation [8]. A wide range of polymers have been used to produce electrospinning fibers including synthetic polymers, natural polymers, copolymers or a blend of them [9]. Polycaprolactone (PCL), a synthetic polymer approved for biomedical applications by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is extensively used due to the suitable biocompatibility, mechanical property, practicality and low cost. Nevertheless, drawbacks like hydrophobicity and slow degradation rate limit its application [10]. In comparison, Chitosan (CS), a widely used natural biopolymer, presents better biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophily but suffers from disadvantages such as low mechanical stability. Herein combination of PCL and CS can improve both biological and mechanical properties of the blended scaffold, making it more suitable for bone tissue engineering application [11].