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Nutrients: Best Management Practices
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Scott J. Sturgul, Keith A. Kelling
Another option for reducing the P content of manure from monogastric livestock is the use of commercially produced enzymes as a feed supplement. Phytase enzymes are capable of releasing phytate-P from plants into animal-available forms. Phytase enzymes occur naturally in some microorganisms, plants, and animals, such as ruminants (cattle). Monogastric animals lack phytase and can only poorly utilize the P reserves in many grains.[71] By adding phytase enzymes to nonruminant animal feed, the efficiency of P uptake during digestion can be increased with an associated reduction in the P content of monogastric manure.[74] In a study by Baxter et al., [75] where phytase additives were combined with low-phytate corn, a 60% reduction in P excretion was recorded. While the phytase enzyme has been shown to decrease the need for mineral P additions, the economics of its use as a routine feed additive need to be considered.[63]
Medicago sativa L.) as a Feedstock for Production of Ethanol and Other Bioproducts
Published in Shelley Minteer, Alcoholic Fuels, 2016
Deborah A. Samac, Hans-Joachim G. Jung, JoAnn F. S. Lamb
An additional characteristic of alfalfa that makes it attractive for biorefinement is that it is amenable to genetic transformation. Rapid and efficient methods for transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens have been developed and gene promoters identified for high constitutive expression and for tissue-specific expression (reviewed by Samac and Temple, 2004; Somers et al., 2003). Transformation has been used to alter alfalfa for production of valuable coproducts (Table 5.2) and for improving digestion of alfalfa fiber. Transgenic alfalfa has been shown to be capable of producing high levels of phytase (Austin-Phillips and Ziegelhoffer, 2001; Ullah et al., 2002), a feed enzyme that degrades phytic acid and makes phosphorus in vegetable feeds available to monogastric animals such as swine. Adding phytase to feeds reduces the need to add supplemental phosphorus to feed and reduces the amount of phosphorus excreted by animals. In field studies, juice from wet-fractionated alfalfa plants contained 1–1.5% phytase. Phytase activity in juice was stable over two weeks at a temperature of 37°C. Activity is also stable in dried leaf meal. Both juice and dried leaf meal added to feed were as effective in feeding trials as phytase from microbial sources. The value of the enzyme and xanthophyll in the juice was estimated at $1900/acre (Austin-Phillips and Ziegelhoffer, 2001). A wide range of feed enzymes is used to enhance digestion of feed and improve animal performance. Use of feed enzymes in monogastric and ruminant animals in expected to increase worldwide (Sheppy, 2001). Production of feed enzymes in transgenic plants, particularly in plants used as animal feed, would be an opportunity to increase feed utilization as well as value of the feed.
Phytases and Their Characteristic Features and Biotechnological Applications in Animal Feed
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Syed Zakir Hussain Shah, Mahroze Fatima, Mehwish Khan, Muhammad Bilal
Phytase degrades the phytate present in the feed and helps to enhance the nutrient availability from plant-based feeds. Abd-Elsamee (2002) stated that usage of phytase in broiler feeds enhances the nitrogen retention and digestibility of crude protein, nitrogen-free extract, dry matter, and ether extract. In laying hens, phytase supplementation also enhanced nutrient digestibility, particularly crude protein and ether extract.
Control algorithms and strategies of feeding for fed-batch fermentation of Escherichia coli: a review of 40 years of experience
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Mohammad Mahmoodi, Ehsan Nassireslami
Arndt et al.[95] used an FFFB feeding method on the basis of substrate (glucose) concentration to produce phytase through E. coli fermentation. The concentration of substrate was determined by Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) and it was adjusted at the concentration of 0.2 g L−1 using a PI controller. They used an Extended Kalman Filter to eliminate the basic noise and predict other necessary process variables for the controller. They reported that the average substrate (glucose) concentration value in the course of fermentation was 0.2 g L−1 with a calculated standard deviation of 0.06 g L−1. This method of feeding was also used by other researchers for cultivation of E. coli in fed-batch processes.[96,97]
Purification and kinetics of a protease-resistant, neutral, and thermostable phytase from Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis JJBS250 ameliorating food nutrition
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Jinender Jain, Anil Kumar, Davender Singh, Bijender Singh
Phytase (E.C.3.1.3.8. myo-inositol hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytate, the predominant form of phosphate in plant-derived food, into less phosphorylated derivatives and inorganic phosphorus in a stepwise manner.[1–3] Biologically phytate phosphorus is not available to monogastric animals, namely, swine, fishes, and poultry due to the absence of sufficient levels of phytases in their digestive tract. Therefore, this phytate-phosphorus is excreted into the nature causing eutrophication and environmental phosphorus pollution.[3–5] Phytic acid also interacts with proteins, digestive enzymes, and dietary minerals and inhibits their activity as well as digestion. Therefore, in order to reduce the environmental pollution as well as to increase the nutritional value of food and feed, phytases are more promising as they eliminate the antinutritional properties of phytic acid with concomitant improvement in the bioavailability of minerals and proteins in the diets of monogastric animals.[5,6]
Phytase from Citrobacter koseri PM-7: Enhanced production using statistical method and application in ameliorating mineral bioaccessibility and protein digestibility of high-phytate food
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Preeti Tripathi, Jyothi Lakshmi A, Mukesh Kapoor
Statistical optimization using RSM improved Phy-Ck production from C. koseri PM-7 by up to 5.57-fold under SmF. Phy-Ck treatment led to marked improvement in mineral bioaccessibility and IVPD of high-phytate food. Phytase supplementation appears as a suitable strategy to address micronutrient and protein malnutrition associated with phytate-rich diets.