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Tailoring Triacylglycerol Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants for Biofuel Production
Published in Arindam Kuila, Sustainable Biofuel and Biomass, 2019
Kshitija Sinha, Ranjeet Kaur, Rupam Kumar Bhunia
In plants, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), which catalyzes the final step of oil biosynthesis (the esterification of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol with a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA), are located in distinct but separate regions of the ER (Shockey, 2006). In the ER, TAGs are synthesized by the stepwise acylation of G-3-P, known as Kennedy pathway (Shen et al., 2010). In the beginning, fatty acyl moieties are esterified to the G-3-P backbone at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. This esterification reaction is catalyzed by G-3-P acyltransferase and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, respectively, to form phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidate phosphatase further hydrolyzed phosphatidic acid to yield DAG. DGAT is the last key rate-limiting enzyme that synthesizes TAG by esterifying third acyl chain to DAG (Voelker and Kinney, 2001).
Biodiesel from oleaginous microbes: opportunities and challenges
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Lohit K. S. Gujjala, S. P. Jeevan Kumar, Bitasta Talukdar, Archana Dash, Sanjeev Kumar, Knawang Ch. Sherpa, Rintu Banerjee
TAG is a neutral lipid which is generally stored within the lipid bodies of oleaginous fungi. These are synthesized from the esterification of the fatty acyl-CoA and glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) backbone [12]. Three major steps are involved in the process of TAG synthesis: first, acylation of G3P to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) followed by a second acylation to phosphatidic acid (PA); and the final step of acylation in TAG synthesis is the removal of phosphate from PA, which is catalyzed by phosphatidate phosphatase isoenzyme leading to the formation of diacylglycerol, a precursor of TAG [12]. The neutral lipids formed cannot be stored in bulk amounts within the bilayer membrane of the ER; therefore, after a certain amount of lipids have accumulated, lipid bodies bud out of the membrane in which the neutral lipids formed can be stored [12]. Up to 90% of the lipid bodies are comprised of Triacylglycerol (TAG) while the rest can be attributed to steryl esters.